Against Hermogenes

ETERNAL

[TRANSLATED BY DR. HOLMES.]

Chapter I THE OPINIONS OF HERMOGENES, BY

THE PRESCRIPTIVE RULE OF ANTIQUITY, SHOWN TO BE HERETICAL. NOT DERIVED FROM CHRISTIANITY, BUT FROM HEATHEN PHILOSOPHY. SOME OF THE TENETS MEN- TIONED.

We are accustomed, for the purpose of shortening argument,' to lay down the rule against heretics of the lateness of their date.^ For in as far as by our rule, priority is given to the truth, which also foretold that there would be heresies, in so far must all later opinions be prejudged as heresies, being such as were, by the more ancient rule of truth, predicted as (one day) to happen. Now, the doctrine of Hermogenes has this^ taint of novelty. He is, in short,'* a man livmg in the world at the present time; by his very nature a heretic, and turbulent withal, who mistakes loquacity for eloquence, and supposes impudence to be firmness, and judges it to be the duty of a good conscience to speak ill of individuals. 5 Moreover, he despises God's law in his painting,* maintain- ing repeated marriages,' alleges the law of God in defence of lust,^ and yet despises it in respect of his art.' He falsifies by a two- fold process — with his cautery and his pen.'°

1 Coinpendii gratia. [The reference here to the De Prascript. forbids us to date this tract earlier than 207 a.d. Of this Hermog- enes, we only know that he was probably a Carthaginian, a painter, and of a versatile and clever mind.]

2 This is the criterion prescribed in \!ae. Py<rscript. Haret. xxxi. xxxiv., and often applied by TertuUian. See our .^ «//- Marcion, pp. 272, 345, ^-jo a.r\(l passim.

3 The tarn novella is a relative phrase, referring to the fore- mentioned rule.

4Denique.

S Maledicere singulis.

6 Probably by painting idols (Rigalt.; and so Neander).

7 It is uncertain whether TertuIIian means to charge Hermog- enes with delending paiy^ajiiy, or only second marriages, in the phrase nuhit assidue. Probably the latter, which was offensive 10 the rigorous TertuIIian ; and so Neander puts it.

8 Quoting Gen. i. 28, " Be fruitful and multiply " (Rigalt.).

9 Disregarding the law when it forbids the representation of idols. (Rigalt.)

•'° Et cauterio et stilo. The former instrument was used by the encaustic painters for burning in the wax colours into the ground of their pictures (Westropp's Handbook 0/ Archaeology, p. 219). Tertulliau charges Hermogenes with using his encaustic art to the injury of the Scriptures, by practically violating their pre- cepts in his artistic works ; and with usinghis pen (stilus) in cor- rupting the doctrine thereof by his heresy.

He is a thorough adulterer, both doctrinally and carnally, since he is rank indeed with the contagion of your marriage-hacks," and has also failed in cleaving to the rule of faith as much as the apostle's own Hermogenes. '= However, never mind the man, when it is his doctrine which I question. He does not ap- pear to acknowledge any other Christ as l.ord,'3 though he holds Him in a different way; but by this difference in his faith he really makes Him another being, — nay, he takes from Him everything which is (iod, since he will not have it that He made all things of nothing. For, turning away from Christians to the philosophers, from the Church to the Academy and the Porch, he learned there from the Stoics how to place Matter (on the same level) with the Lord, just as if it too had existed ever both unborn and unmade, having no beginning at all nor end, out of which, according to him,'* the Lord afterwards created all things.

Chapter II HERMOGENES, AFTER A PERVERSE

INDUCTION FROM MERE HERETICAL ASSUMP- TIONS, CONCLUDES THAT GOD CREATED ALL THINGS OUT OF PRE-EXISTING MATTER.

Our very bad painter has coloured this his primary shade absolutely without any light, with such arguments as these: He begins with laying down the premiss, '^ that the Lord made all things either out of Himself, or out of nothing, or out of something; in order that, after he has shown that it was impossible for Him to have made them either out of Himself or out of nothing, he might thence affirm the residuary proposition that He made them out of something, and therefore that that some- thing was Matter. He could not have made all things, he says, of Himself; because whatever

" By the nubentiuni coniagiutn, TertuUian, in his Montanist rigour, censures those who married more than once. '2 2 Tim. i. 15.

'3 Thus differing from Marcion. '•) The force of the subjunctive, ex quit /ecrrii. '5 Pra;struens.

4/8

[chap. III.

things the Lord made of Himself would have been parts of Himself; but' He is not dis- soluble into parts, ^ because, being the Lord, He is indivisible, and unchangeable, and always the same. Besides, if He had made anything out of Himself, it would have been something of Himself. Everything, however, both which was made and which He made must be ac- counted imperfect, because it was made of a part, and He made it of a part; or if, again, it was a whole which He made, who is a whole Himself, He must in that case have been at once both a whole, and yet not a whole; because it behoved Him to be a whole, that He might produce Himself,^ and yet not a whole, that He might be produced out of Himself.* But this is a most difificult position. For if He were in existence. He could not be made, for He was in existence already; if, however, he were not in existence, He could not make, because He was a nonen- tity. He maintains, moreover, that He who always exists, does not come into existence, ^ but exists for ever and ever. He accordingly concludes that He made nothing out of Him- self, since He never passed into such a con- dition^ as made it possible for Him to make anything out of Himself. In like manner, he contends that He could not have made all things out of nothing — thus: He defines the Lord as a being who is good, nay, very good, who must will to make things as good and excellent as He is Himself; indeed it were impossible for Him either to will or to make anything which was not good, nay, very good itself. Therefore all things ought to have been made good and excellent by Him, after His own condition. Experience shows, ^ how- ever, that things which are even evil were made by Him: not, of course, of His own will and pleasure; because, if it had been of His own will and pleasure. He would be sure to have made nothing unfitting or unworthy of Himself. That, therefore, which He made not of His own will must be understood to have been made from the fault of something, and that is from Matter, without a doubt.

Chapter III AN ARGUMENT OF HERMOGENES

THE answer: while god is a title eter- nally APPLICABLE TO THE DIVINE BEING, LORD AND FATHER ARE ONLY RELATIVE AP- PELLATIONS, NOT ETERNALLY APPLICABLE. AN INCONSISTENCY IN THE ARGUMENT OF HERMOGENES POINTED OUT

He adds also another point: that as God

-

' Porro.

* In partes non devenire. 3Ut faceret semetipsum.

* Ut fieret de semetipso. 5 Non fieri.

was always God, there was never a time when God was not also Lord. But ^ it was in no way possible for Him to be regarded as al- ways Lord, in the same manner as He had been always God, if there had not been al- ways, in the previous eternity,' a something of which He could be regarded as evermore the Lord. So he concludes " that God always had Matter co-existent with Himself as the Lord thereof. Now, this tissue " of his I shall at once hasten to pull abroad. I have been willing to set it out in form to this length, for the information of those who are unacquainted with the subject, that they may know that his other arguments likewise need only be '^ understood to be refuted. We affirm, then, that the name of God always ex- isted with Himself and in Himself — but not eternally so the Lord. Because the condition of the one is not the same as that of the other. God is the designation of the sub- stance itself, that is, of the Divinity; but Lord is (the name) not of substance, but of power. I maintain that the substance existed always with its own name, which is God; the title Lord was afterwards added, as the indi- cation indeed '^ of something accruing. For from the moment when those things began to exist, over which the power of a Lord was to act, God, by the accession of that power, both became Lord and received the name thereof. Because God is in like manner a Father, and He is also a Judge; but He has not always been Father and Judge, merely on the ground of His having always been God. For He could not have been the Father previous to the Son, nor a Judge previous to sin. There was, however, a time when neither sin existed with Him, nor the Son; the former of which was to constitute the Lord a Judge, and the latter a Father. In this way He was not Lord previous to those things of which He was to be the Lord. But He was only to be- come Lord at some future time: just as He became the Father by the Son, and a Judge by sin, so also did He become Lord by means of those things which He had made, in order that they might serve Him. Do I seem to you to be weaving arguments,'* Hermogenes ? How neatly does Scripture lend us its aid,'^ when it applies the two titles to Him with a distinction, and reveals them each at its proper time ! For (the title ) God, indeed, which

* Non ejus fieret conditionis.

7 Inveniri.

8 Porro.

9 Retro. ''^ Itaque.

" Conjecturam.

'»Tam. . . quam.

«3 Scilicet.

U Argumentari : in the sense of arput»ri,

'S Naviter nobis patrocinatur.

CHAP, v.]

479

always belonged to Him, it names at the very first: '* In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth;"' and as long as He continued making, one after the other, those things of which He was to be the Lord, it merely mentions God. "And God said," " and God made," " and God saw; " " but no- where do we yet find the Lord. But when He completed the whole creation, and es- pecially man himself, who was destined to understand His sovereignty in a way of special propriety, He then is designated ^ Lord. Then also the Scripture added the name Lord: "And the Lord God, D e us Domitius, took the man, whom He had formed; " * "And the Lord God commanded Adam.''^ Thence- forth He, who was previously God only, is the Lord, from the time of His having something of which He might be the Lord. For to Him- self He was always God, but to all things was He only then God, when He became also Lord. Therefore, in as far as (Hermogenes) shall suppose that Matter was eternal, on the ground that the Lord was eternal, in so far will it be evident that nothing existed, because it is plain that the Lord as such did not always exist. Now I mean also, on my own part,* to add a remark for the sake of ignorant persons, of whom Hermogenes is an extreme instance,' and actually to retort against him his own arguments.* For when he denies that Matter was born or made, I find that, even on these terms, the title Lord is unsuitable to God in respect of Matter, because it must have been free,' when by not having a beginning it had not an author. The fact of its past existence it owed to no one, so that it could be a sub- ject to no one. Therefore ever since God exercised His power over it, by creating (all things) out of Matter, although it had all along experienced God as its Lord, yet Matter does, after all, demonstrate that God did not exist in the relation of Lord to it,'° although all the while He was really so."

Chapter IV HERMOGENES GIVES DIVINE ATTRI

BUTES TO MATTER, AND SO MAKES TWO GODS.

At this point, then, I shall begin to treat of Matter, how that, (according to Hermog-

«GeD. i. I.

2 Gen. i. 3, etc.

3 Cognorainatur: as if by way of surname, Deus Dominus.

4 Gen. ii. 15.

5 Gen. ii. 16.

6 Et t.%ci.

7 Extrema linea. Rhenanus sees in this phrase a slur against Hermogenes, who was an artist. TertuUian, I suppose, meant that Hermogenes was extremely ignorant.

8 Experiraenta.

9 Libera : and so not a possible subject for the Lordship of God. 10 Matter ha\nng, by the hypothesis, been independent 0/ God,

and so incapable of giving Him any title to Lordship.

I' Fuit hoc utique. In Hermogenes' own opinion, which is thus shown to have been contradictor>' to itself, and so absurd.

" Quod, with the subjunctive comparet.

enes,)" God compares it with Himself as equally unborn, equally unmade, equally eternal, set forth as being without a beginning, without an end. For what other estimate '^ of God is there than eternity ? What other condition has eternity than to have ever ex- isted, and to exist yet for evermore by virtue of its privilege of having neither beginning nor end ? Now, since this is the property of God, it will belong to God alone, whose prop- erty it is — of course '•• on this ground, that if it can be ascribed to any other being, it will no longer be the property of God, but will belong, along with Him, to that being also to which it is ascribed. For " although there be that are called gods " in name, "whether in heaven or in earth, yet to us there is but one God the Father, of whom are all things; " '5 whence the greater reason why, in our view,'* that which is the property '' of God ought to be regarded as pertaining to God alone, and why (as I have already said) that should cease to be such a property, when it is shared by another being. Now, since He is God, it must necessarily be a unique mark of this quality,'* that it be confined to One. Else, what will be unique and singular, if that is not which has nothing equal to it ? What will be principal, if that is not which is above all things, before all things, and from which all things proceed ? By possessing these He is God alone, and by His sole pos- session of them He is One. If another also shared in the possession, there would then be as many gods as there were possessors of these attributes of God. Hermogenes, there- fore, introduces two gods: he introduces Mat- ter as God's equal. God, however, must be One, because that is God which is supreme; but nothing else can be supreme than that which is unique; and that cannot possibly be unique which has anything equal to it; and Matter will be equal with God when it is held to be'' eternal.

Chapter v HERMOGENES COQUETS WITH HIS OWif

ARGUMENT, AS IF RATHER AFRAID OF IT. AFTER INVESTING MATTER WITH DIVINE QUALITIES, HE TRIES TO MAKE IT SOMEHOW INFERIOR TO GOD.

But God is God, and Matter is Matter. As if a mere difference in their names prevented equality,*" when an identity of condition is claimed for them ! Grant that their nature is

•3 Census.

•4 Scilicet.

'5 I Cor. viii. 5.

'* Apud nos.

'7 The property of being eternal.

'8 Unicum sit necesse est.

'9Censetur.

20 Comparationi.

48o

[chap. VI.

different; assume, too, that their form is not identical, — what matters it so long as their absolute state have but one mode ? ' God is unborn; is not Matter also unborn? God ever exists; is not Matter, too, ever existent? Both are without beginning; both are without end; both are the authors of the universe — both He who created it, and the Matter of which He made it. For it is impossible that Matter should not be regarded as the author - of all things, when the universe is composed of it. What answer will he give ? Will he say that Matter is not then comparable with God as soon as^ it has something belonging to God; since, by not having total (divinity), it cannot correspond to the whole extent of the comparison ? But what more has he re- served for God, that he should not seem to have accorded to Matter the full amount of the Deity ?^ He says in reply, that even though this is the prerogative of Matter, both the authority and the substance of God must remain intact, by virtue of which He is regarded as the sole and prime Author, as well as the Lord of all things. Truth, how- ever, maintains the unity of God in such a way as to insist that whatever belongs to God Himself belongs to Him alone. For so will it belong to Himself if it belong to Him alone ; and therefore it will be impossible that an- other god should be admitted, when it is per- mitted to no other being to possess anything of God. Well, then, you say, we ourselves at that rate possess nothing of God. But in- deed we do, and shall continue to do — only it is from Him that we receive it, and not from ourselves. For we shall be even gods, if we shall deserve to be among those of whom He declared, " I have said. Ye are gods,"^ and, "God standeth in the congregation of the gods."* But this comes of His own grace, not from any property in us, because it is He alone who can make gods. The property of Matter, however, he' makes to be that which it has in common with God. Otherwise, if it received from God the property which belongs to God, — I mean its attribute^ of eternity, — one might then even suppose that it both pos- sesses an attribute in common with God, and yet at the same time is not God. But what inconsistency is it for him' to allow that there is a conjoint possession of an attribute with God, and also to wish that what he does not

' Ratio.

» Auctrix.

3 Statim si.

4Totum Dei.

SPs. Ixxxii. 6.

6Ver. I.

7 HermoRenes.

* Ordineni : or course.

9 Quale autem est : " how comes it to pass that."

refuse to Matter should be, after all, the ex- clusive privilege of God !

Chapter VI THE SHIFTS TO WHICH HERMOGENES

IS REDUCED, WHO DEIFIES MATTER, AND VET IS UNWILLING TO HOLD HIM EQUAL WITH THE DIVINE CREATOR

He declares that God's attribute is still safe to Him, of being the only God, and the First, and the Author of all things, and the Lord of all things, and being incomparable to any — qualities which he straightway ascribes to Matter also. He is God, to be sure. God shall also attest the same; but He has also sworn sometimes by Himself, that there is no other God like Him.»° Hermogenes, how- ever, will make Him a liar. For Matter will be such a God as He — being unmade, un- born, without beginning, and without end. God will say, " I am the first ! " " Yet how is He the first, when Matter is co-eternal with Him? Between co-eternals and contempo- raries there is no sequence of rank.'^ Is then. Matter also the first? " I," says the Lord, "have stretched out the heavens alone." '^ But indeed He was not alone, when that like- wise stretched them out, of which He made the expanse. When he asserts the position that Matter was ^/^rw^?/, without any encroach- ment on the condition of God, let him see to it that we do not in ridicule turn the tables on him, that God similarly was eternal with- out any encroachment on the condition of Matter — the condition of Both being still com- mon to Them. The position, therefore, re- mains unimpugned '* both in the case of Mat- ter, that it did itself exist, only along with God; and that God existed alone, but with Matter. It also was first with God, as God, too, was first with it; it, however, is not com- parable with God, as God, too, is not to be compared with it; with God also it was the Author (of all things), and with God their Sovereign. In this way he proposes that God has something, and yet not the whole, of Matter. For Him, accordingly, Hermogenes has reserved nothingwhich he had not equally conferred on Matter, so that it is not Matter which is compared with God, but rather God who is compared with Matter. Now, inas- much as those qualities which we claim as peculiar to God — to have always existed, with- out a beginning, without an end, and to have been the First, and Alone, and the Author of all things — are also compatible to Matter, I want to know what property Matter possesses

'" Isa. xlv. 23.

" Isa. xli. 4, xliv. 6, xlviii. 12.

" Ordo.

'3 Isa. xliv. 24

'4 Salvurn erffo crit.

Chapter VIII ]

481

different and alien from God, and hereby special to itself, by reason of which it is inca- pable of being compared with God ? That Being, in which occur ' all the properties of God, is sufficiently predetermined without any further comparison.

Chapter VII HERMOGENES HELD TO HIS THEORY

IN ORDER THAT ITS ABSURDITY MAY BE EX- POSED ON HIS OWN PRINCIPLES.

When he contends that matter is less than God, and inferior to Him, and therefore di- verse from Him, and for the same reason not a fit subject of comparison with Him, who is a greater and superior Being, I meet him with this prescription, that what is eternal and un- born is incapable of any diminution and infe- riority, because it is simply this which makes even God to be as great as He is, inferior and subject to none — nay, greater and higher than all. For, just as all things which are born, or which come to an end, and are there- fore not eternal, do, by reason of their expos- ure at once to an end and a beginning, admit of qualities which are repugnant to God — I mean diminution and inferiority, because they are born and made — so likewise God, for this very reason, is unsusceptible of these acci- dents, because He is absolutely unborn,* and also unmade. And yet such also is the con- dition of Matter.3 Therefore, of the two Beings which are eternal, as being unborn and unmade — God and Matter — by reason of the identical mode of their common condition (both of them equally possessing that which admits neither of diminution nor subjection — that is, the attribute of eternity), we affirm that neither of them is less or greater than the other, neither of them is inferior or supe- rior to the other; but that they both stand on a par in greatness, on a par in sublimity, and on the same level of that complete and perfect felicity of which eternity is reckoned to con- sist. Now we must not resemble the heathen in our opinions; for they, when constrained to acknowledge God, insist on having other deities below Him. The Divinity, however, has no degrees, because it is unique; and if it shall be found in Matter — as being equally unborn and unmade and eternal — it must be resident in both alike," because in no case can it be inferior to itself. In what way, then, will Hermogenes have the courage to draw distinctions; aud thus to subject matter to God, an eternal to the Eternal, an unborn to the Unborn, an author to the Author ?

' Recensentur.

2 Nee natus omnino.

3 Of course, according to Hermogenes, whom Tertullian refutes with an argumentum ad hoviinetn.

4 Aderit utrobique.

31

seeing that it dares to say, I also am the first; I too am before all things; and I am that from which all things proceed; equal we have been, together we have been — both alike without be- ginning, without end; both alike without an Author, without a God.s What God, then, is He who subjects me to a contemporaneous, co-eternal power ? If it be He who is callecl God, then I myself, too, have my own (divine) name. Either I am God, or He is Matter, because we both are that which neither of us is. Do you suppose, therefore, that he* has not made Matter equal with God, although, for- sooth, he pretends it to be inferior to Him ?

Chapter VIII ON HIS OWN PRINCIPLES, HERMOG

ENES MAKES MATTER, ON THE WHOLE, SUPE- RIOR TO GOD.

Nay more,' he even prefers Matter to God, and rather subjects God to it, when he will have it that God made all things out of Mat- ter, For if He drew His resources from it® for the creation of the world. Matter is already found to be the superior, inasmuch as it fur- nished Him with the means of effecting His works; and God is thereby clearly subjected to Matter, of which the substance was indis- pensable to Him. For there is no one but requires that which he makes use of;' no one but is subject to the thing which he re- quires, for the very purpose of being able to make use of it. So, again, there is no one who, from using what belongs to another, is not inferior to him of whose property he makes use; and there is no one who imparts '° of his own for another's use, who is not in this re- spect superior to him to whose use he lends his property. On this principle," Matter it- self, no doubt,'* was not in want of God, but rather lent itself to God, who was in want of it — rich and abundant and liberal as it was — to one who was, I suppose, too small, and too weak, and too unskilful, to form what He willed out of nothing. A grand service, verily, '3 did it confer on God in giving Him means at the present time whereby He might be known to be God, and be called Almighty — only that He is no longer Almighty, since He is not powerful enough for this, to pro- duce all things out of nothing. To be sure,"* Matter bestowed somewhat on itself also — even to get its own self acknowledged with God as God's co-equal, nay more, as His

5 That is, having no God superior to themselves.

6 Hermogenes.

7 Atquin etiam.

^ Ex ilia usus est.

9 De cujus utitur. >o Praestat. " Itaque. i^Quidem. 13 Revera. MSane.

482

AGAIx\ST HERMOGENES.

[chap. X.

helper; only there is this drawback, that Her- mogenes is the only man that has found out this fact, besides the philosophers— those patriarchs of all heresy.' For the prophets knew nothing about it, nor the apostles thus far, nor, I suppose, even Christ.

Chapter IX SUNDRY INEVITABLE BUT INTOLER

ABLE CONCLUSIONS FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF HERMOGENES.

He cannot say that it was as its Lord that God employed Matter for His creative works, for He could not have been the Lord of a substance which was co-equal with Himself. Wellj but perhaps it was a title derived from the will of another,^ which he enjoyed — a precarious holding, and not a lordship,^ and that to such a degree, that * although Matter was evil. He yet endured to make use of an evil substance, owing, of course, to the re- straint of His own limited power, s which made Him impotent to create out of nothing, not in consequence of His power; for if, as God, He had at all possessed power over Matter, which He knew to be evil. He would first have converted it into good — as its Lord and the good God — that so He might have a good thing to make use of, instead of a bad one. But being undoubtedly good, only not the Lord withal. He, by using such power* as He possessed, showed the necessity He was under of yielding to the condition of Matter, which He would have amended if He had been its Lord. Now this is the answer which must be given to Hermogenes when he maintains that it was by virtue of His Lordship that God used Matter — even of His non-possession of any right to it, on the ground, of course, of His not having Himself made it. Evil then, on your terms,' must proceed from God Him- self, since He is — I will not say the Author of evil, because He did not form it, but — the permitter thereof, as having dominion over it.* If indeed Matter shall prove not even to belong to God at all, as being evil, it fol- lows,' that when He made use of what be- longed to another. He used it either on a precarious title '° because He was in need of it, or else by violent possession because He was stronger than it. For by three methods is the property of others obtained, — by right.

' obtained

1 They are so deemed in the de Frascript. Haret. c. vii.

2 We have rather paraphrased the word precario " — " obtai: by prayer." [See p. 456.]

3 Domino : opposed to " precario."

4 Ideo. . . ut.

5 Mediocritatis.

* Tali: i. e. potestate.

7 Jam ergo : introducing an argumentutn ad kominem against Hermogenes.

* Quia domlnator. 9 Ergo.

'oAut precario : "as having begged for it."

by permission, by violence; in other words, by lordship, by a title derived from the will of another," by force. Now, as lordship is out of the question, Hermogenes must choose which (of the other methods) is suitable to God. Did He, tnen, make all things out of Matter, by permission, or by force ? But, in truth, would not God have more wisely de- termined that nothing at all should be created, than that it should be created by the mere sufferance of another, or by violence, and that, too, with '^ a substance which was evil ?

Chapter X TO WHAT STRAITS HERMOGENES AB

SURDLY REDUCES THE DIVINE BEING. HE DOES NOTHING SHORT OF MAKING HIM THE AUTHOR OF EVIL.

Even if Matter had been the perfection of good, '3 would it not have been equally indec- orous in Him to have thought of the prop- erty of another, however good, (to effect His purpose by the help of it)? It was, there- fore, absurd enough for Him, in the interest of His own glory, to have created the world in such a way as to betray His own obligation to a substance which belonged to another — and that even not good. Was He then, asks (Her- mogenes),to make all things out of nothing,that so evil things themselves might be attributed to His will ? Great, in all conscience,'* must be the blindness of our heretics which leaves them to argue in such a way that they either insist on the belief of another God supremely good, on the ground of their thinking the Creator to be the author of evil, or else they set up Matter with the Creator, in order that they may derive evil from Matter, not from the Creator. And yet there is absolutely no god at all that is free from such a doubtful plight, so as to be able to avoid the appear- ance even of being the author of evil, who- soever he is that — I will not say, indeed, has made, but still — has permitted evil to be made by some author or other, and from some source or other. Hermogenes, therefore, ought to be told 's at once, although we post- pone to another place our distinction concern- ing the mode of evil,'* that even he has effected no result by this device of his.'' For observe how God is found to be, if not tlie Author of, yet at any rate the conniver at,'* evil, inasmuch as He, with all His ex- treme goodness, endured evil in Matter be-

" Precario : See above, note 2, p. 482.

«2/)^ is often in Tertullian the sign of an instrumental noua.

'3 Optima.

'4 Bona fide.

»J Audiat.

'* l)e mali ratione.

'7Hac sua injectione. See our Anti-Marcion, iv. i.,for this word, p. 345.

18 Assentator. Fr. Junius suggests " adsectator " of the stronger meaning " promoter ; nor does Oehlcr object.

Chapter XII ]

AGAliNST HERMOGENKS.

48:

fore He created the world, although, as being good, and the enemy of evil, He ought to have corrected it. For He either was able to correct it, but was unwilling; or else was willing, but being a weak God, was not able. If He was able and yet unwilling, He was Himself evil, as having favoured evil; and thus He now opens Himself to the charge of evil, because even if He did not create it, yet still, since it would not be existing if He had been against its existence. He must Him- self have then caused it to exist, when He refused to will its non-existence. And what is more shameful than this ? When He willed that to be which He was Himself unwilling to create. He acted in fact against His very self,' inasmuch as He was both willing that that «hould exist which He was unwilling to make, and unwilling to make that which He was will- ing should exist. As if what He willed was good, and at the same time what he refused to be the Maker of was evil. What He judged to be evil by not creating it, He also proclaimed to be good by permitting it to exist. By bearing with evil as a good in- stead of rather extirpating it. He proved Himself to be the promoter thereof; crimi- nally,* if through His own will — disgracefully, if through necessity. God must either be the servant of evil or the friend thereof, since He held converse with evil in Matter — nay more, effected His works out of the evil thereof.

Chapter XI HERMOGENES MAKES GREAT EF

FORTS TO REMOVE EVIL FROM GOD TO MAT- TER. HOW HE FAILS TO DO THIS CONSIST- ENTLY WITH HIS OWN ARGUMENT.

But, after all,^ by what proofs does Her- mogenes persuade us that Matter is evil ? For it will be impossible for him not to call that evil to which he imputes evil. Now we lay down this principle,* that what is eternal cannot possibly admit of diminution and sub- jection, so as to be considered inferior to an- other co-eternal Being. So that we now affirm that evil is not even compatible with it,^ since it is incapable of subjection, from the fact that it cannot in any wise be subject to any, because it is eternal. But inasmuch as, on other grounds,* it is evident what is eter- nal as God is the highest good, whereby also He alone is good — as being eternal, and there- fore good — as being God, how can evil be in- herent in Matter, which (since it is eternal)

' Adversum semetipsum.

2 Male : in reference to His alleged complicity with evil.

3Et tamen.

4 Definimus.

5 Competere illi.

6 Alias.

must needs be believed to be the highest good ? Else if that which is eternal prove to be also capable of evil, this (evil) will be able to be also believed of God to His prejudice;^ so that it is without adequate reason that he has been so anxious* to remove evil from God; since evil must be compatible with an eternal Being, even by being made com- patible with Matter, as Hennogenes makes it. But, as the argument now stands,' since what is eternal can be deemed evil, the evil must prove to be invincible and insuper- able, as being eternal; and in that case " it will be in vain that we labour " to put away evil from the midst of us; " " in that case, moreover, God vainly gives us such a com- mand and precept; nay more, in vain has God appointed any judgment at all, when He means, indeed,'- to inflict punishment with injustice. But if, on the other hand, there is to be an end of evil, when the chief thereof, the devil, shall "go away into the fire which God hath prepared for him and his angels " '^ — having been first " cast into the bottomless pit;"'"* when likewise "the manifestation of the children of God " '^ shall have " delivered the creature"'* from evil, which had been " made subject to vanity; " " when the cattle restored in the innocence and integrity of their nature '* shall be at peace '' with the beasts of the field, when also little children shall play with serpents ;"" when the Father shall have put beneath the feet of His Son His enemies," as being the workers of evil, — if in this way an etid is compatible with evil, it must follow of necessity that a begin- ning is also compatible with it; and Matter will turn out to have a beginning, by virtue of its having also an end. For whatever things are set to the account of evil," have a compatibility with the condition of evil.

Chapter XII THE MODE OF CONTROVERSY

CHANGED. THE PREMISSES OF HERMOGENES ACCEPTED, IN ORDER TO SHOW INTO WHAT CONFUSION THEY LEAD HIM.

Come now, let us suppose Matter to be evil, nay, very evil, by nature of course, just as

7 Et in Deum credi.

8 Gestivit.

9 Jam vero. 'oTum.

" I Cor. V. 13.

>2 Utique : with a touch of irony, in the argnmentum adkomi- nem.

13 Matt. XXV. 4t.

'4 Rev. XX. 3.

>5 Rom. viii. 19.

•6 Rom. viii. 21.

'7 Rom. viii. 20.

'8 Conditionis : "creation."

'9 Condixerint.

20 Isa. xi. 6.

2» Ps. ex. I.

" Male deputantur.

484

[chap. XIV.

we believe God to be good, even very good, in like manner by nature. Now nature must be regarded as sure and fixed, just as persist- ently fixed in evil in the case of Matter, as immoveable and unchangeable in good in the case of God. Because, as is evident,' if nat- ure admits of change from evil to good in Matter, it can be changed from good to evil in God. Here some man will say, Then will "children not be raised up to Abraham from the stones ? " "^ Will " generations of vipers not bring forth the fruit of repentance ?" ^ And " children of wrath " fail to become sons of peace, if nature be unchangeable ? Your reference to such examples as these, my friend,* is a thoughtless s one. For things which owe their existence to birth — such as stones and vipers and human beings — are not apposite to the case of Matter, which is un- born; since their nature, by possessing a be- ginning, may have also a termination. But bear in mind * that Matter has once for all been determined to be eternal, as being un- made, unborn, and therefore supposably of an unchangeable and incorruptible nature; and this from the very opinion of Hermogenes himself, which he alleges against us when he denies that God was able to make (anything) of Himself, on the ground that what is eter- nal is incapable of change, because it would lose — so the opinion runs '' — what it once was, in becoming by the change that which it was not, if it were not eternal. But as for the Lord, who is also eternal, (he maintained) that He could not be anything else than what He always is. Well, then, I will adopt this definite opinion of his, and by means thereof refute him. I blame Matter with a like cen- sure, because out of it, evil though it be — nay, very evil — good things have been created, ay, "very good" ones: "And God saw that they were good, and God blessed them"* — because, of course, of their very great good- ness; certainly not because they were evil, or very evil. Change is therefore admissible in Matter; and this being the case, it has lost its condition of eternity; in short,' its beauty is decayed in death." Eternity, however, cannot be lost, because it cannot be eternity, except by reason of its immunity from loss. For the same reason also it is incapable of change, inasmuch as, since it is eternity, it can by no means be changed.

' Scilicet.

2 Mat. ill. 9.

3 Verses 7, 8.

4 O homo.

5 Temere. ' Tene.

7 Scilicet. * Gen. i. 21, 22. 9Denique. ■0 That IS, of course, by its own natural law.

CHAP. XIII, ANOTHER GROUND OF HERMOG^

ENES THAT MATTER HAS SOME GOOD IN IT ITS ABSURDITY

Here the question will arise How creatures were made good out of it," which were formed without any change at all ? " How occurs the seed of what is good, ay, very good, in that which is evil, nay, very evil? Surely a good tree does not produce evil fruit, '^ since there is no God who is not good; nor does an evil tree yield good fruit, since there is not Matter except what is very evil. Or if we were to grant him that there is some germ of good in it, then there will be no longer a uniform nat- ure (pervading it), that is to say, one which is evil throughout; but instead thereof (we now encounter) a double nature, partly good and partly evil; and again the question will arise, whether, in a subject which is good and evil, there could possibly have been found a harmony for light and darkness, for sweet and bitter? So again, if qualities so utterly di- verse as good and evil have been able to unite together,"* and have imparted to Matter a double nature, productive of both kinds of fruit, then no longer will absolutely '5 good things be imputable to God, just as evil things are not ascribed to Him, but both qualities will appertain to Matter, since they are derived from the property of Matter. At this rate, we shall owe to God neither gratitude for gooil things, nor grudge '* for evil ones, because He has produced no work of His own proper character. '7 From which circumstance will arise the clear proof that He has been subser- vient to Matter.

Chapter XIV TERTULLIAN PUSHES HIS OPPONENT

INTO A DILEMMA

Now, if it be also argued, that although Matter may have afforded Him the oppor- tunity, it was still His own will which led Him to the creation of good creatures, as having detected '^ what was good in matter — although this, too, be a discredit-^ible supposition '» — yet, at any rate, when He produces evil like- wise out of the same (Matter), He is a servant to Matter, since, of course,-" it is not of His own accord that He produces this too, having nothing else that He can do than tc effect creation out of an evil stock" — unwillingly, no

" Matter.

'= i. e. in their nature, Matter being evil, and they good, oa the hypothesis";. •3 Matt. vii. ig. '4 Concurrisse. »5 Ipsa. •6 Invidiam. '7 Ingenio. ■'' Nactus. ■9 Turpe. 20 Utique. 2' E.X malo.

Chapter XV ]

485

doubt, as being good; of necessity, too, as l)eing unwilling; and as an act of servitude, because from necessity. Which, then, is the worthier thought, that He created evil things of necessity, or of His own accord ? Because it was indeed of necessity that He created them, if out of Matter; of His own accord, if out of nothing. For you are now labouring in vain when you try to avoid making God the Author of evil things; because, since He made all things of Matter, they will have to be as- cribed to Himself, who made them, just be- cause ' He made them. Plainly the interest of the question, whence He made all things, identifies itself with (the question), whether He made all things out of nothing; and it matters not whence He made all things, so that He made all things thence, whence most glory accrued to Him.- Now, more glory accrued to Him from a creation of His own will than from one of necessity; in other words, from a creation out of nothing, than from one out of Matter. It is more worthy to believe that God is free, even as the Author of evil, than that He is a slave. Power, whatever it be, is more suited to Him than infirmity. ^ If we thus even admit that matter had nothing good in it, but that the Lord produced what- ever good He did produce of His own power, then some other questions will with equal rea- son arise. First, since there was no good at all in Matter, it is clear that good was not made of Matter, on the express ground in- deed that Matter did not possess it. Next, \i good was not made of Matter, it must then have been made of God; if not of God, then it must have been made of nothing. — For this is the alternative, on Hermogenes' own show- ing.*

Chapter XV THE TRUTH, THAT GOD MADE ALL

THINGS FROM NOTHING, RESCUED FROM THE opponent's FLOUNDERINGS.

Now, if good was neither produced out of matter, since it was not in it, evil as it was, nor out of God, since, according to the posi- tion of Hermogenes, nothing could have been produced out of god, it will be found that good was created out of nothing, inasmuch as it was formed of none — neither of Matter nor of God. And if good was formed out of noth- ing, why not evil too ? Nay, if anything was formed out of nothing, why not all things? Unless indeed it be that the divine might was insufficient for the production of all things, though it produced a something out of noth-

' Proinde quatenus.

2 We subjoin the original of this sentence : " Plane sic interest unde fecerit ac si de nihilo fecisset, nee interest unde fecerit, ut inde fecerit unde eum magis decuit.

3 Pusillitas.

^ Secundum Hermogenis dispositionem.

ing. Or else if good proceeded from evil matter, since it issued neither from nothing nor from God, it will follow that it must have proceeded from the conversion of Matter con- trary to that unchangeable attribute which has been claimed for //, as an eternal being. s Thus, in regard to the source whence good derived its existence, Hermogenes will now have to deny the possibility of such. But still it is necessary that (good) should proceed from some one of those sources from which he has denied the very possibility of its hav- ing been derived. Now if evil be denied to be of nothing for the purpose of denying it to be the work of God, from whose will there would be too much appearance of its being derived, and be alleged to proceed from Mat- ter, that it may be the property of that very thing of whose substance it is assumed to be made, even here also, as I have said, God will have to be regarded as the Author of evil; because, whereas it had been His duty^ to produce all good things out of Matter, or rather good things simply, by His identical attribute of power and will. He did yet not only not produce all good things, but even (some) evil things — of course, either willing that the evil should exist if He was able to cause their non-existence, or not being strong enough to effect that all things should be good, if being desirous of that result. He failed in the ac- complishment thereof; since there can be no difference whether it were by weakness or by will, that the Lord proved to be the Author of evil. Else what was the reason that, after creating good things, as if Himself good. He should have also produced evil things, as if He failed in His goodness, since He did not confine Himself to the production of things which were simply consistent with Himself ? What necessity was there, after the produc- tion of His proper work, for His troubling Himself about Matter also by producing evil likewise, in order to secure His being alone acknowledged as good from His good, and at the same time ^ to prevent Matter being re- garded as evil from (created) evil ? Good would have flourished much better if evil had not blown upon it. For Hermogenes himself explodes the arguments of sundry persons who contend that evil things were necessary to impart lustre to the good, which must be understood from their contrasts. This, there- fore, was not the ground for the production

5 Contra denegatam aetemi conversationem. Literally, " Con- trary to that convertibility of an eternal nature which has been denied (by Hermogenes) to be possible." It will be obvious why we have, in connection with the preceding clause preferred the equivalent rendering of our text. For the denial of Hermogenes, which TertuUian refers to, see above, chap. xii. p. 484.

* Debuisset protulisse.

7 This clumsy expedient to save the character of both God and Matter was one of the weaknesses of Hermogenes' system.

486

[chap, xvil

of evil; but if some other reason must be sought for the introduction thereof, why could it not have been introduced even from noth- ing,' since the very same reason would ex- culpate the Lord from the reproach of being thought the author of evil, which now excuses the existence of evil things, when He produces them out of Matter ? And if there is this ex- cuse, then the question is completely^ shut up in a corner, where they are unwilling to find it, who, without examining into the rea- son itself of evil, or distinguishing how they should either attribute it to God or separate it from God, do in fact expose God to many most unworthy calumnies.^

Chapter XVI A SERIES OF DILEMMAS. THEY

SHOW THAT HERMOGENES CANNOT ESCAPE FROM THE ORTHODOX CONCLUSION.

On the very threshold,* then, of this doc- trine,* which I shall probably have to treat of elsewhere, I distinctly lay it down as my posi- tion, that both good and evil must be ascribed either to God, who made them out of Matter; or to Matter itself, out of which He made them; or both one and the other to both of them together,* because they are bound to- gether— both He who created, and that out of which He created; or (lastly) one to One, and the other to the Other,' because after Matter and God there is not a third. Now if both should prove to belong to God, God evi- dently will be the author of evil; but God, as being good, cannot be the author of evil. Again, if both are ascribed to Matter, Matter will evidently be the very mother of good,^ but inasmuch as Matter is wholly evil, it can- not be the mother of good. But if both one and the other should be thought to belong to Both together, then in this case also Matter will be comparable with God; and both will be equal, being on equal terms allied to evil as well as to good. Matter, however, ought not to be compared with God, in order that it may not make two gods. If, (lastly,) one be ascribed to One, and the other to the Other — that is to say, let the good be God's, and the evil belong to Matter — then, on the one hand, evil must not be ascribed to God, nor, on the other hand, good to Matter. And God, more- over, by making both good things and evil things out of Matter, creates them along with

• Cur non et ex nibilo potuerit induci ? =" Ubique et undique.

3 Destructionibus. " Ruin of character " is the true idea of this strong term.

4 Praestructione. The notion is of the /bundaiion of an edi- fice: here — "preliminary remarks" (see our Anti-Marcion, v. 5, P- 438). .

3 Articuli.

• Utrumque utrique. 7 Alterum alteri.

• Boni matrix.

it. This being the case, I cannot tell how Hermogenes ' is to escape from my conclu- sion; for he supposes that God cannot be the author of evil, in what way soever He created evil out of Matter, whether it was of His own will, or of necessity, or from the reason (of the case). If, however, He is the author of evil, who was the actual Creator, Matter being simply associated with Him by reason of its furnishing Him with substance,'" you now do away with the cause " of your introducing Matter. For it is not the less true, that it is by means of Matter that God shows Himself the author of evil, although Matter has been assumed by you expressly to prevent God's seeming to be the author of evil. Matter be- ing therefore excluded, since the cause of it is excluded, it remains that God, without doubt, must have made all things out of noth- ing. Whether evil things were amongst them we shall see, when it shall be made clear what are evil things, and whether those things are evil which you at present deem to be so. For it is more worthy of God that He produced even these of His own will, by producing them out of nothing, than from the predetermination of another," (which must have been the case) if He had produced them out of Matter. It is liberty, not necessity, which suits the char- acter of God. I would much rather that He should have even willed to create evil of Him- self, than that He should have lacked ability to hinder its creation.

Chapter XVII THE TRUTH OF GOD's WORK IN

CREATION. YOU CANNOT DEPART IN THE LEAST FROM IT, WITHOUT LANDING YOURSELF IN AN ABSURDITY

This rule is required by the nature of the One-only God,'^ who is One-only in no other way than as the sole God; and in no other way sole, than as having nothing else (co-ex- istent) with Him. So also He will be first, because all things are after Him; and all things are after Him, because all things are by Him; and all things are by Him, because they are of nothing: so that reason coincides with the Scripture, which says: " Who hath known the mind of the Lord ? or who hath been His counsellor ? or with whom took He counsel ? or who hath shown to Him the way of wisdom and knowledge ? Who hath first given to

9 The usual reading is "Hermogenes." Rigaltius, however, reads " Hermogenis," of which Oehler approves; so as to make TertuUian say, " I cannot tell how I can avoid the opinion of Her- mogenes, who," etc. etc.

'0 Per substantive suggestum.

" Excusas jam causam. H»rmogenes held that Matter was eternal, to exclude God from the authorship of evil. This causa of Matter he was now illogically evading. Excusare = ex, causa, " to cancel the cause."

"=De pra:judicio alieno.

'lUnici Dei.

CHAP, xvni.]

48 r

Him, and it shall be recompensed to him again?"' Surely none! Because there was present with Him no power, no material, no nature which belonged to any other than Him- self. But if it was with some (portion of Matter) ' that He effected His creation. He must have received from that (Matter) itself both the design and the treatment of its order, as being" the way of wisdom and knowledge." For He had to operate conformably with the quality of the thing, and according to the nat- ure of Matter, not according to His own will; in consequence of which He must have made^ even evil things suitabl)-^ to the nature not of Himself, but of Matter.

Chapter XVIII AN EULOGY ON THE WISDOM AND

WORD OF GOD, BY WHICH GOD MADE ALL THINGS OF NOTHING.

If any material was necessary to God in the creation of the world, as Hermogenes supposed, God had a far nobler and more suitable one in His own wisdom * — one which was not to be gauged by the writings of^ philosophers, but to be learnt from the words of s prophets. This alone, indeed, knew the mind of the Lord. For "who knoweth the things of God, and the things in God, but the Spirit, which is in Him?"* Now His wis- dom is that Spirit. This was His counsellor, the very way of His wisdom and knowledge.' Of this He made all things, making them tHrough It, and making them with It. " When He prepared the heavens," so says (the Scrip- ture^), "I was present with Him; and when He strengthened above the winds the lofty clouds, and when He secured the fountains ' which are under the heaven, I was present, compacting these things " along with Him. I was He" in whom He took delight; more- over, I daily rejoiced in His presence: for He rejoiced when He had finished the world, and amongst the sons of men did He show forth His pleasure."'^ Nov;, who would not rather approve of '^ this as the fountain and origin of all things — of this as, in very deed, the Matter of all Matter, not liable to any end,'* not diverse in condition, not restless in

' Rom. xi. 34, 35 ; comp. Isa. xl. 14. * De aliquo.

3 Adeo ut fecerit.

4 Sophiara suam scilicet. SApud.

'i Cor. )i. II.

7 Isa. zl, 14.

8 Or the " inquit " may indicate the very words of " Wisdom."

9 Fontes. Although Oehler prefers Junius ' reading " monies,'" he yet retains " fontes," because Tertullian (in ch. xxxii. below) has the unmistakable reading " fontes " in a like connection.

loCompingens.

" Ad quem : the expression is masculine. '^Prov. viii. 27-31. '3 Commendet.

u " Non fini subditam ' is Oehler's better reading than the old *'sibi subditam."

motion, not ungraceful in form, but natural, and proper, and duly proportioned, and beau- tiful, such truly as even God might well have required, who requires His own and not an- other's? Indeed, as soon as He perceived It to be necessary for His creation of the world. He immediately creates It, and generates It in Himself. "The Lord," says the Scripture, " possessed '5 me, the beginning of His ways for the creation of His works. Before the worlds He founded me; before He made the earth, before the mountains were settled in their places; moreover, before the hills He generated me, and prior to the depths was I begotten."'* Let Hermogenes then confess that the very Wisdom of God is declared to be born and created, for the especial reason that we should not suppose that there is any other being than God alone who is unbegotten and uncreated. For if that, which from its being inherent in the Lord '' was of Him and in Him, was yet not without a beginning, — I mean '^ His wisdom, which was then born and created, when in the thought of God It began to assume motion'' for the arrangement of His creative works, — how much more impossi- ble ^ is it that anything should have been without a beginning which was extrinsic to the Lord ! " But if this same Wisdom is the Word of God, in the capacity " of Wisdom, and (as being He) without whom nothing was made, just as also (nothing) was set in order without Wisdom, how can it be that anything, except the Father, should be older, and on this account indeed nobler, than the Son of God, the only-begotten and first-begotten Word ? Not to say that '^ what is unbegotten is stronger than that which is born, and what is not made more powerful than that which is made. Because that which did not require a Maker to give it existence, will be much more elevated in rank than that which had an author to bring it into being. On this principle, then,^* if evil is indeed unbegotten, whilst the Son of God is begotten ("for," says God, "my heart hath emitted my most excellent Word " ^5), I am not quite sure that evil may not be introduced by good, the stronger by the weak, in the same way as the unbegotten is by the begotten. Therefore on this ground Hermogenes puts Matter even before God, by putting it before the Son. Because the

'5 Condidit : created. '6 See Prov. viii. T Intra Dominum. '•^Scilicet. '9 Coepti agitari. ™ Multo magis non capit. =■ Extra Dominum. 2- Sensu. 23Nedum. 24 Proinde.

=5 On this version of Ps. xlv. 1., and iu application by Tertullian, see our Anti-Marcion (p. 299, note 5).

488

[chap. XX.

Son is the Word, and "the Word is God,"^ and " I and my Father are one." - But after all, perhaps, 3 the Son will patiently enough submit to having that preferred before Him, which (by Hermogenes), is made equal to the Father !

Chapter XIX AN APPEAL TO THE HISTORY OF

CREATION. TRUE MEANING OF THE TERM BEGINNING, WHICH THE HERETIC CURIOUSLY WRESTS TO AN ABSURD SENSE

But I shall appeal to the original docu- ment* of Moses, by help of which they on the other side vainly endeavour to prop up their conjectures, with the view, of course, of appearing to have the support of that authority which is indispensable in such an inquiry. They have found their opportunity, as is usual with heretics, in wresting the plain meaning of certain words. For instance the very beginning,^ when God made the heaven ttnd the earth, they will construe as if it meant something substantial and embodied,* to be regarded as Matter. We, however, insist on the proper signification of every word, and say that principiiwi means beginning, — being a term which is suitable to represent things which begin to exist. For nothing which has come into being is without a beginning, nor can this its commencement be at any other mo- ment than when it begins to have existence. Thus principium or beginning, is simply a term of inception, not the name of a sub- stance. Now, inasmuch as the heaven and the earth are the principal works of God, and since, by His making them first. He consti- tuted them in an especial manner the begin- ning of His creation, before all things else, with good reason does the Scripture preface (its record of creation) with the words," In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth;" 7 just as it would have said, "At last God made the heaven and the earth," if God had created these after all the rest. Now, if the beginning is a substance, the end must also be material. No doubt, a substan- tial thing* may be the beginning of some other thing which maybe formed out of it; thus the clay is the beginning of the vessel, and the seed is tlie beginning of the plant. But when we employ the word beginning in this sense of origiti, and not in that of order, we do not omit to mention also the name of

' John i. I. = lohn X. 30. sS'isi qu(jd.

4 Orisinalc instnimentum : which may mean " the document \rhich treats of the origin of all things."

5 Principinm. ^Corpulentuni.

7 Gen. i. t.

8 Substantivum aliquid.

that particular thing which we regard as the origin of the other. On the other hand,' if we were to make such a statement as this, for example, " In the beginning the potter made a basin or a water- jug," the word be- ginning will not here indicate a material sub- stance (for I have not mentioned the clay, which is the beginning in this sense, but only the order of the work, meaning that the potter made the basin and the jug first, before any- thing else — intending afterwards to make the rest. It is, then, to the order of the works that the word beginning has reference, not to the origin of their substances. I might also explain this word beginning in another way, which would not, however, be inapposite.'" The Greek term for beginning, which is apxij, admits the sense not only of priority of order, but of power as well; whence princes and mag- istrates are called apxovre^. Therefore ir this sense too, begimiing may be taken for princely authority and power. It was, indeed, in His transcendent authority and power, that God made the heaven and the earth.

Chapter XX MEANING OF THE PHRASE — IN THE

BEGINNING. TERTULLIAN CONNECTS IT WITH THE WISDOM OF GOD, AND ELICITS FROM IT THE TRUTH THAT THE CREATION WAS NOT OUT OF PRE-EXISTENT MATTER.

But in proof that the Greek word means nothing else than beginning, and that begi?i- ning admits of no other sense than the initial one, we have that (Being) " even acknowledg- ing such a beginning, who says: "The Lord possessed '- me, the beginning of His ways for the creation of His works." '^ For since all things were made by the Wisdom of God, it follows that, when God made both the heaven and the earth /// principio — that is to say, in the beginning — He made them in His Wis- dom. If, indeed, beginning had a material signification, the Scripture would not have in- formed us that God made so and so iti prin- cipio, at the beginning, but rather ^.v principio, of the beginning; for He would not have created ifi, but of, matter. When Wisdom, however, was referred to, it was quite riglit to say, in the beginning. For it was \n Wis- dom that He made all things at first, because by meditating and arranging His plans there- in,''* He had in fact already done (the work of creation); and if He had even intended to create out of matter. He would yet have ef- fected His creation when He previously medi-

9 De cetero. 'o Non ab re tamen. " lUam . . . quae. '-"Condidit: "created." "^ Prov. viii. 22. '•♦In qua : m Wisdom.

Chapter XXll ]

489

tated on it and arranged it in His Wisdom, since It' was in fact the beginning of His ways: this meditation and arrangement being the primal operation of Wisdom, opening as it does the way to the works by the act of meditation and thought. = This authority of Scripture I claim for myself even from this circumstance, that whilst it shows me the God who created, and the works He created, it does not in like manner reveal to me the source from which He created. For since in every operation there are three principal things, He who makes, and that which is made, and that of which it is made, there must be three names mentioned in a correct narra- tive of the operation — the person of the maker, the sort of thing which is made,^ and the ma- terial of which it is formed. If the material is not mentioned, while the work and the maker of the work are both mentioned, it is manifest that He made the work out of noth- ing. For if He had had anything to operate upon, it would have been mentioned as well as (the other two particulars).* In conclusion, I will apply the Gospel as a supplementary testimony to the Old Testament. Now in this there is all the greater reason why there should be shown the material (if there were any) out of which God made all things, inas- much as it is therein plainly revealed by whom He made all things. " In the beginning was the Word " 5 — that is, the same beginning, of course, in which God made the heaven and the earth,* — "and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. All things were made by Him, and without Him nothing was made."^ Now, since we have here clearly told us who the Maker was, that is, God, and what He made, even all things, and through whom He made them, even His Word, would not the order of the narrative have required that the source out of which all things were made by God through the Word should like- wise be declared, if they had been in fact made out of anything? What, therefore, did not exist, the Scripture was unable to mention; and by not mentioning it, it has given us a clear proof that there was no such thing: for if there had been, the Scripture would have mentioned it.

Chapter XXI A RETORT OF HERESY ANSWERED

THAT SCRIPTURE SHOULD IN SO MANY WORDS TELL US THAT THE WORLD WAS MADE OF NOTHING IS SUPERFLUOUS.

But, you will say to me, if you determine

' Wisdom. = De cogitatu. 1 Species facti. •< Proinde. ■; John i. 1. <J Gen. i. 1.

that all things were made of nothing, on the ground that it is not told us that anything was made out of pre-existent Matter, take care that it be not contended on the opposite side, that on the same ground all things were made out of Matter, because it is not likewise ex- pressly said that anything was made out of nothing. Some arguments may, of course,^ be thus retorted easily enough; but it does not follow that they are on that account fairly admissible, where there is a diversity in the cause. For I maintain that, even if the Scrip- ture has not expressly declared that all things were made out of nothing — just as it abstains (from saying that they were formed) out of Matter — there was no such pressing need for expressly indicating the creation of all things out of nothing, as there was of their creation out of Matter, if that had been their origin. Because, in the case of what is made out of nothing, the very fact of its not being indicated that it was made of any particular thing shows that it was made of nothing; and there is no danger of its being supposed that it was made of anything, when there is no indication at all of what it was made of. In the case, however, of that which is made out of something, unless the very fact be plainly declared, that it was made out of something, there will be danger, until' it is shown of what it was made, first of its appearing to be made of nothing, because it is not said of what it was made; and then, should it be of such a nature '° as to have the appearance of having certainly been made of something, there will be a similar risk of its seeming to have been made of a far different material from the proper one, so long as there is an absence of statement of what it was made of. Then, if God had been unable to make all things of nothing, the Scripture could not possibly have added that He had made all things of nothing: (there could have been no room for such a statement,) but it must by all means have informed us that He had made all things out of Matter, since Matter must have been the source; because the one case was quite to be understood," if it were not actually stated, whereas the other case would be left in doubt unless it were stated.

Chapter XXII THIS CONCLUSION CONFIRMED BY

THE USAGE OF HOLY SCRIPTURE IN ITS HIS- TORY OF THE CREATION. HERMOGENES IN DANGER OF THE WOE PRONOUNCED AGAINST ADDING TO SCRIPTURE.

And to such a degree has the Holy Ghost

7 John i. 1-3.

8 Plane.

9 Dum ostenditur : which Oehler and Rigalt. construe as "donee ostendatur." One reading has "dum «t"j ostenditur/' " so long as it is not shown."

"^ Ea conditione.

»' In totum habebat intelligi.

490

[chap. XXIV.

made this the rule of His Scripture, that whenever anything is made out of anything, He mentions both the thing that is made and the thing of which it is made. " Let the earth," says He, "bring forth grass, the herb yield- ing seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after its kind, whose seed is in itself, after its kind. And it was so. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after its kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after its kind."' And again: "And God said. Let the waters bring forth abun- dantly the moving creatures that have life, and fowl that may fly above the earth through the firmament of heaven. And it was so. And God created great whales, and every liv- ing creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind." '' Again afterwards: "And God said. Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beasts of the earth after their kind."^ If therefore God, when producing other things out of things which had been already made, indicates them by the prophet, and tells us what He has produced from such and such a source" (although we might ourselves suppose them to be derived from some source or other, short of nothing; 5 since there had already been created certain things, from which they might easily seem to have been made); if the Holy Ghost took upon Himself so great a con- cern for our instruction, that we might know from what everything was produced,^ would He not in like manner have kept us well in- formed about both the heaven and the earth, by indicating to us what it was that He made them of, if their original consisted of any material substance, so that the more He seemed to have made them of nothing, the less in fact was there as yet made, from which He could appear to have made them ? There- fore, just as He shows us the original out of which He drew such things as were derived from a given source, so also with regard to those things of which He does not point out whence He produced them. He confirms (by that silence our assertion) that they were pro- duced out of nothing. " In the beginning," then, " God made the heaven and the earth." ^ I revere* the fulness of His Scrip- ture, in which He manifests to me both the Creator and the creation. In the gospel.

' what

' Gen. i. ii, 12.

2 Gen. i. 20, 21.

3 Ver. 24.

4 Quid unde protulerit : properly a double question •was produced, and whence ? '

5 Unde unde . . . dumne.

'Quid unde processerit : properly a double question = " what was produced, and whence ? ' 7Gen. i. i. 8 Adoro : reverently admire.

moreover, I discover a Minister and Witness of the Creator, even His Word.' But whether all things were made out of any underlying Matter, I have as yet failed anywhere to find. Where such a statement is written, Her- mogenes' shop'° must tell us. If it is no- where written, then let it fear the woe which impends on all who add to or take away from the written word."

Chapter XXIII HERMOGENES PURSUED TO AN

OTHER PASSAGE OF SCRIPTURE. THE ABSURD- ITY OF HIS INTERPRETATION EXPOSED.

But he draws an argument from the follow- ing words, where it is written: "And the earth was without form, and void."'= For he re- solves '3 the word earth into Matter, because that which is made out of it is the earth. And to the word was he gives the same di- rection, as if it pointed to what had always existed unbegotten and unmade. It was without fonti, moreover, and void, because he will have Matter to have existed shapeless and confused, and without the finish of" a maker's hand.'" Now these opinions of his I will refute singly; but first I wish to say to him, by way of general answer: We are of opinion that Matter is pointed at in these terms. But yet does the Scripture intimate that, because Matter was in existence before all, anything of like condition 's was even formed out of it ? Nothing of the kind. Mat- ter might have had existence, if it so pleased — or rather if Hermogenes so pleased. It might, I say, have existed, and yet God might not have made anything out of it, either as it was unsuitable to Him to have required the aid of anything, or at least because He is not shown to have made anything out of Matter. Its existence must therefore be without a cause, you will say. Oh, no! certainly '* not with- out cause. For even if the world were not made out of it, yet a heresy has been hatched therefrom; and a specially impudent one too, because it is not Matter which has produced the heresy, but the heresy has rather made Matter itself.

Chapter XXIV EARTH DOES NOT MEAN MATTER

AS HERMOGENES WOULD HAVE IT.

I now return to the several points '' by means of which he thought that Matter was signified. And first I will inquire about the

9 John i. 3. 10 ( )fficina. ■■ Rev. xxii. 18, 19. "Gen. i. 2. '3 Redigit in.

'■« Inconditam : we have combined the two senses of the word. •5 Tale aliquid. '* Plane : ironical. •7 Articulos.

Chapter XXVI ]

491

terms. For we read only of one of them, Earth; the other, namely Matter, we do not meet with. I ask, then, since Matter is not mentioned in Scripture, how the term earth can be applied to it, which marks a substance of another kind ? There is all the greater need why mention should also have been made of Matter, if this has acquired the further sense of Earth, in order that I may be sure that Earth is one and the same name as Matter, and so not claim the designation for merely one substance, as the proper name thereof, and by which it is better known; or else be unable (if I should feel the inclination) to apply it to some particular species of Mat- er, instead, indeed,' of making it the common term'' of all Matter. For when a proper name does not exist for that thing to which a common term is ascribed, the less apparent ^ is the object to which it may be ascribed, the more capable will it be of being applied to any other object whatever. Therefore, even supposing that Hermogenes could show us the name'' Matter, he is bound to prove to us further, that the same object has the sur- name^ Earth, in order that he may claim for it both designations alike.

Chapter XXV THE ASSUMPTION THAT THERE

ARE TWO EARTHS MENTIONED IN THE HIS- TORY OF THE CREATION, REFUTED

He accordingly maintains that there are two earths set before us in the passage in ques- tion: one, which God made in the begin- ning; the other being the Matter of which God made the world, and concerning which it is said, "And the earth was without form, and void." ^ Of course, if I were to ask, to which of the two earths the name earth is best suited, 7 I shall be told that the earth which was made derived the appellation from that of which it was made, on the ground that it is more likely that the offspring should get its name from the original, than the original from the offspring. This being the case, another question presents itself to us, whether it is right and proper that this earth which God made should have derived its name from that out of which He made it ? For I find from Hermogenes and the rest of the Ma- terialist heretics,^ that while the one earth

» Nee utique.

2 Communicare.

3 We have construed Oehler's reading: " Quanto non corapa- ret" (i.e., by a frequent ellipse of Tertullian, quanto magis non comparet "). Fr. Junius, however, suspects that instead of " quanto " we should read " quando :" this would produce the sense, " since it is not apparent to what object it may be ascribed," etc.

4 Nominatam.

5 Cognominatam. *Gen. i. 2.

7 Quae cui nomen terrae accoramodare debeat. This is literally a double question, asking about the fitness of the name, and to which earth it is best adapted.

was indeed "without form, and void," this one of ours obtained from God in an equal degree' both form, and beauty, and sym- metry; and therefore that the earth which was created was a different thing from that out of which it was created. Now, hav- ing become a different thing, it could not possibly have shared with the other in its name, after it had declined from its con- dition. If earth was the proper name of the (original) Matter, this world of ours, which is not Matter, because it has become another thing, is unfit to bear the name of earth, seeing that that name belongs to some- thing else, and is a stranger to its nature. But (you will tell me) Matter which has under- gone creation, that is, our earth, had with its original a community of name no less than of kind. By no means. For although the pitcher is formed out of the clay, I shall no longer call it clay, but a pitcher; so likewise, although electriun '° is compounded of gold and silver, I shall yet not call it either gold or silver, but electrum. When there is a de- parture from the nature of any thing, there is likewise a relinquishment of its name — with a propriety which is alike demanded by the designation and the condition. How great a change indeed from the condition of that earth, which is Matter, has come over this earth of ours, is plain even from the fact that the latter has received this testimony to its goodness in Genesis, "And God saw that it was good; " " while the former, according to Hermogenes, is regarded as the origin and cause of all evils. Lastly, if the one is Earth because the other is, why also is the one not Matter as the other is ? Indeed, by this rule both the heaven and all creatures ought to have had the names of Earth and Matter, since they all consist of Matter. I have said enough touching the designation Earth, by which he will have it that Matter is under- stood. This, as everybody knows, is the name of one of the elements; for so we are taught by nature first, and afterwards by Scrip- ture, except it be that credence must be given to that Silenus who talked so confidently in the presence of king Midas of another world', according to the account of Theopompus. But the same author informs us that there are also several gods.

Chapter XXVI THE METHOD OBSERVED IN THE

HISTORY OF THE CREATION, IN REPLY TO THE PERVERSE INTERPRETATION OF HERMOGENES.

We, however, have but one God, and but

8 He means those who have gone wrong on the eternity of matter.

9 Proinde.

'oA mixed metal, of the colour of amber. " Gen. i. 31.

492

[CHAI*. XWIIL

one earth too, which in the beginning God made.' The Scripture, which at its very out- set proposes to run through the order thereof, tells us as its first information that it was created; it next proceeds to set forth what sort of earth it was."" In like manner with respect to the heaven, it informs us first of its crea- tion— " In the beginning God made the heaven: "3 it then goes on to introduce its arrangement; how that God both separated "the water which was below the firmament from that which was above the firmament," * and called the firmament heaven, = — the very thing He had created in the beginning. Similarly it (aftenvards) treats of man: "And God created man, in the image of God made He him."* It next reveals how He made him: "And (the Lord) God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul."' Now this is undoubtedly* the correct and fitting mode for the narrative. First comes a prefatory statement, then fol- low the details in full;^ first the subject is named, then it is described.'" How absurd is the other view of the account," when even before he '- had premised any mention of his subject. I.e. Matter, without even giving us its name, he all on a sudden promulged its form and condition, describing to us its qual- ity before mentioning its existence, — pointing out the figure of the thing formed, /'ut con- cealing its name ! But how much more credi- ble is our opinion, which holds that Scripture has only subjoined the arrangement of the subject after it has first duly described its formation and mentioned its name ! Indeed, how full and complete '^ is the meaning of these words: " In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth; but '"the earth was without form, and void," '5 — the very same earth, no doubt, which God made, and of which the Scripture had been speaking at that very moment."^ For that very "/^///"'^ is inserted into the narrative like a clasp, '^ (in its function) of a conjunctive particle, to

' Gen. i. i.

' Qualitatem ejus : unless this means " /ww He made it," like tht^ " qualiter fecerit " below. 3 Gen. i. i.

4 Gen. i. 7.

5 Ver. 8.

6 Gen. i. 27.

7 Gen. ii. 7.

8 Utique.

9 Prosequi.

'o Primo praefari, postea prosequi ; nominare, deinde describere. This properly is a.n abstract statement, given with Tertullian's usual terseness : " First you .should (' decet ') give your preface, then follow up with details : first name your subject, then describe it."

" Alioquin.

•= Hermogenes, whose view of the narrative is criticised.

'3 Integer.

MAutcm.

•5 Gen. i. i, 2.

'6 Cum maxime edixerat.

Jy 1 lie " autem" of the note just before this. Fibula.

connect the tnvo sentences indissolubly together: ""But the earth." This word carries back the mind to that earth of which mention had just been made, and binds the sense there- unto.'? Take away this "but," and the tie is loosened; so much so that the passage, " But the earth was without form, and void," may then seem to have been meant for any other earth.

Chapter XXVII SOME HAIR-SPLITTING USE OF

WORDS IN WHICH HIS OPPONENT HAD IN- DULGED.

But you next praise your eyebrows, and toss back your head, and beckon with your finger, in characteristic disdain, =° and say: There is the was, looking as if it pointed to an eternal existence, — making its subject, of course, unbegotten and unmade, and on that account worthy of being supposed to be Matter. Well now, for my own part, I shall resort to no affected protestation, =' but simply reply that " was " may be predicated of every- thing— even of a thing which has been created, which was born, which once was not, and which is not jw//- Matter. For of everything which has being, from whatever source it has it, whether it has it by a beginning or without a beginning, the word " 7£jas " will be predicated from the very fact that it exists. To whatever thing the first tense ^ of the verb is applicable for defi7iition, to the same will be suitable the later form ^^ of the verb, when it has to descend to relation. " Est " (it is) forms the essential part =■* of a definition, " erat " (it was) of a relation. Such are the trifles and subtleties of heretics, who wrest and bring into question the simple meaning of the commonest words. A grand question it is, to be sure,-^ whether "the earth was," which was made ! The real point of discus- sion is, whether " being without form, and void," is a state which is more suitable to that which was created, or to that of which it was created, so that the predicate (jaas) may ap- pertain to the same thing to which the subject [that zvhich was^ also belongs."^

CHAP. .XXVIII. — A CURIOUS INCONSISTENCV IN HERMOGENES EXPOSED. CERTAIN EXPRES- SIONS IN THE HISTORY OF CREATION VINDI- CATED IN THE TRUE SENSE.

But we shall show not only that this condi- tion -7 agreed with this earth of ours, but that

'9 Alligat sensuin. =" Implied in the iinphatic tii . ^' Sine u lo lenocinio pronunciation is.

"Prima positio : the first inficcliun perhaps, i. c. the present tense.

-3 Declinatio : the past tense.

24 Caput.

25 Scilicet.

=* This seems to be the meaning of tiie obscure passage, " Ut ejusdem sit Urat cujus et quod erat. 27 Habitual.

ClIAP. XXIX.]

493

it did not agree with that other (insisted on by Hermogenes). For, inasmuch as pure ^Iattcr was thus subsistent with God,' with- out the interposition indeed of any element at all (because as yet there existed nothing but itself and God), it could not of course have been invisible. Because, although Hcn/iog- cncs contends that darkness was inherent in the substance of Matter, a position which we shall have to meet in its proper place,' yet darkness is visible even to a human being (for the very fact that there is the darkness is an evident one), much more is it so to God. If indeed it ' had been invisible, its quality would not have been by any means discovera- ble. How, then, did Hermogenes find out" that that substance was "without form," and confused and disordered, which, as being in- visible, was not palpable to his senses ? If this mystery was revealed to him by God, he ought to give us his proof. I want to know also, whether (the substance in question) could have been described as "void." That certainly is "void" which is imperfect. Equally certain is it, that nothing can be im- perfect but that which is made; it is imperfect when it is not fully made.^ Certainly, you admit. Matter, therefore, which was not made at all, could not have been imperfect; and what was not imperfect was not "void." Having no beginning, because it was not made, it was also unsusceptible of any void-condi- tion.* For this void-condition is an accident of beginning. The earth, on the contrary, which was made, was deservedly called " void." For as soon as it was made, it had the condition of being imperfect, previous to its completion.

Chapter XXIX THE GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF

COSMIC AL ORDER OUT OF CHAOS IN THE CREATION, BEAUTIFULLY STATED.

God, indeed, consummated all His works in a due order; at first He paled them out,' as it were, in their unformed elements, and then He arranged them^ in their finished beauty. For He did not all at once inundate light with the splendour of the sun, nor all at once temper darkness with the moon's as- suaging ray. 5 The heaven He did not all at once bedeck '° with constellations and stars, nor did He at once fill the seas with their teem-

'Deo subjacebat.

2 See below, ch. xxx. p. 494.

.1 Matter.

4 " Corapertus est " is here a deponent verb.

5 Minus factum.

* Rudimento. TertuUian uses the word " rudis" (unformed) for the scriptural term (" void ") ; of this word " rudimentum " is the abstract.

7 Depalans.

* Dedicans : " disposed " them.

9 Solatio lunse : a beautiful expression ! ■" Significavit.

ing monsters." The earth itself He did not endow with its varied fruitfulness all at once; but at first He bestowed upon it being, and then He filled it, that it might not be made in vain." For thus says Isaiah: " He created it not in vain; He formed it to be inhabit- ed. "'^ Therefore after it was made, and while awaiting its perfect stiite,"'' it was "with- out form, and void:" "void" indeed, from the very fact that it was without form (as be- ing not yet perfect to the sight, and at the same time unfurnished as yet with its other qualities);'^ and "without form," because it was still covered with waters, as if with the rampart of its fecundating moisture,'^ by which is produced our flesh, in a form allied with its own. For to this purport does David say:'' "The earth is the Lord's, and the ful- ness thereof; the world, and all that dwell therein: He hath founded it upon the seas, and on the streams hath He established it." '* It was when the waters were withdrawn into their hollow abysses that the dry land became conspicuous, '5 which was hitherto covered with its watery envelope. Then it forthwith becomes " visible," ™ God saying, " Let the water be gathered together into one mass,''* and let the dry land appear." "' ''Appear," says He, not " ^<? made." It had been already made, only in its invisible condition it was then waiting^'^to appear. "Dry," because ii was about to become such by its severance from the moisture, but yet "land." "And God called the dry land Earth " '* not Matter. And so, when it afterwards attains its perfec- tion, it ceases to be accounted void, when God declares, " Let the earth bring forth grass, the nerb yielding seed after its kind, and ac- cording to its likeness, and the fruit-tree yield- ing fruit, whose seed is in itself, after its kind." ^s Again: " Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping things, and beasts of the earth, after their kind."^* Thus the divine Scripture accomplished its full order. For to that, which it had at first described as "without form (invisible) and void," it gave both visi- bility and completion. Now no other Matter was "without form (invisible) and void."

" Belluis.

»2 In vacuum : void.

n Isa. xlv. 18.

'4 Futura etiam perfecta.

'5 De reliquo nondum instructa.

'6 Genitalis humoris.

•7 Canit : " sing," as the Psalmist.

'3 Ps. xxiv. I.

'9 Emicantior.

^ "Visibilis" is here the opposite of the term " invisibilis," which TertuUian uses for the Scripture phrase " wnthout form."

=' In congregatione una.

22 Gen. i. 9.

23Sustinebat : i. e. expectabat (Oehler).

=4 Gen. i. 10.

25 Ver. II. ■ '^Ver. 24.

494

[chap. xxxr.

Henceforth, then, Matter will have to be vis- ible and complete. So that I must' see Mat- ter, since it has become visible. I must likewise recognize it as a completed thing, so as to be able to gather from it the herb bear- ing seed, and the tree yielding fruit, and that living creatures, made out of it, may minister to my need. Matter, however, is nowhere,^ but the Earth is here, confessed to my view. I see it, I enjoy it, ever since it ceased to be " v/ithout form (invisible), and void." Concerning it most certainly did Isaiah speak when he said, " Thus saith the Lord that created the heavens. He was the God that formed the earth, and made it."^ The same earth for certain did He form, which He also made. Now how did He form-' it? Of course by saying, "Let the dry land appear." ^ Why does He command it to appear, if it were not previously invisible ? His purpose ivas also, that He might thus prevent His having made it in vain, by ren- dering it visible, and so fit for use. And thus, throughout, proofs arise to us that this earth which we inhabit is the very same which was both created and formed * by God, and that none other was "without form, and void," than that which had been created and formed. It therefore follows that the sen- tence, " Now the earth was without form, and void," applies to that same earth which God mentioned separately along with the heaven. ^

Chapter XXX ANOTHER PASSAGE IN THE SACRED

HISTORY OF THE CREATION, RELEASED FROM THE MISHANDLING OF HERMOGENES

The following words will in like manner ap- parently corroborate the conjecture of Her- mogenes, "And darkness was upon the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the water;"* as if these blended ' substances, presented us with argu- ments for his massive pile of Matter.^" Now, so discriminating an enumeration of certain and distinct elements (as we have in this passage), which severally designates " darkness," "the deep" "the Spirit of God," "the waters," forbids the inference that anything confused or (from such confusion) uncertain is meant. Stili more, when He ascribed to them their own places," " darkness on the face of the deep," " the Spirit ttpon the face of the waters," He

• Volo.

- He means, of course, the theoretic " Matter " of Hermogenes. 3 Isa. xlv. i8.

•» Uemonstravit : " make it visible." Tertullian here all along makes _/i)r7« and 7'isibility synonymous. 5 Gen. i. g.

* Ostensam : " manifested " (see note lo, p. 96). 7 Cum cx\t> separavit : Gen. i. i.

''Gen. i. a.

9Confusae.

'" Massalis illius molis. " Situs.

" without condition

repudiated all confusion in the substances; and by demonstrating their separate position," He demonstrated also their distinction. Most absurd, indeed, would it be that Matter, which is introduced to our view as form," should have its " formless ' maintained by so many words indicative of form, '3 without any intimation of what that confused body '■* is, which must of course be supposed to be unique, '^ since it is without form.'* For that which is without form is uniform; but even'? that which is without form, when it is blended together'^ from va- rious component parts, ''must necessarily have one outward appearance; ''° and it has not any appearance, until it has the one ap- pearance (which comes) from many parts combined.''' Now Matter either had those spe- cific parts ^= within itself, from the words indic- ative of which it had to be understood — I mean "darkness," and "the deep," and "the Spirit," and "the waters" — or it had them not. If it had them, how is it intro- duced as being " without form ? " ^^ jf jt had them not, how does it become known ?^

Chapter XXXI A FURTHER VINDICATION OF THE

SCRIPTURE NARRATIVE OF THE CREATION AGAINST A FUTILE VIEW OF HERMOGENES

But this circumstance, too, will be caught at, that Scripture meant to indicate of the heaven only, and this earth of yours,'s that God made it in the beginning, while nothing of the kind is said of the above-mentioned specific parts ;^* and therefore that these, which are not described as having been made, appertain to unformed Matter. To this point *? also we must give an answer. Holy Scripture would be sufficiently explicit, if it had declared that the heaven and the earth, as the very highest works of creation, were made by God, possessing of course their own special appurtenances,^* which might be un- derstood to be implied in these highest works themselves. Now the appurtenances of the heaven and the earth, made then in the be- ginning, were the darkness and the deep, and the spirit, and the waters. For the deptli and the darkness underlay the earth. Since

'2 Dispositionem.

'3 Tot formarum vocabulis.

•4 Corpus conf usionis.

■5 Unicum.

'6 Informe.

'7 Autem.

■* Confusum.

'9 Ex varietate.

^Unam speciem.

2« Unam ex multis speciem.

^ Istas species.

^^3 Non habens formas.

24 Agnoscitur.

25 Ista : the earth, which has been the subject of conteation. ^ Speciebus.

27Scrupulo: doubt or difficulty.

=8 Suggestus : " Hoc est, appa'ratu.s, orjiatus " (Oehler).

Chapter XXXII ]

495

the deep was under the earth, and the dark- ness was over the deep, undoubtedly both the darkness and the deep were under the earth. Below the heaven, too, lay the spirit ' and the waters. For since the waters were over the earth, which they covered, whilst the spirit was over the waters, both the spirit and the waters were alike over the earth. Now that which is over the earth, is of course under the heaven. And even as the earth brooded over the deep and the dark- ness, so also did the heaven brood over the spirit and the waters, and embrace them. Nor, indeed, is there any novelty in men- tioning only that which contains, as pertain- ing to the whole,- and understanding that which is contained as included in it, in its character of a portion. ^ Suppose now I should say the city built a theatre and a cir- cus, but the stage * was of such and such a kind, and the statues were on the canal, and the obelisk was reared above them all, would it follow that, because I did not distinctly state that these specific things ^ were made by the city, they were therefore not made by it along with the circus and the theatre ? Did I not, indeed, refrain from specially men- tioning the formation of these particular things because they were implied in the things which I had already said were made, and might be understood to be inherent in the things in which they were contained ? But this example may be an idle one as being derived from a human circumstance; I will take another, which has the authority of Scripture itself. It says that " God made man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul." * Now, although it here mentions the nostrils," it does not say that they were made by God; so again it speaks of skin* and bones, and flesh and eyes, and sweat and blood, in subsequent passages,' and yet it never intimated that they had been created by God. What will Hermogenes have to answer ? That the hu- man limbs must belong to Matter, because they are not specially mentioned as objects of creation ? Or are they included in the forma- tion of man ? In like manner, the deep and the darkness, and the spirit and the waters, were as members of the heaven and the earth. For in the bodies the limbs were made, in the

1 It will be obsen-ed that TertuUian applies the spirit us to the viad as a creature.

2 Qua summale.

3 Qua portionale.

4 Scena.

5 Has species. * Gen. ii. 7.

7 Both in the quotation and here, Tertullian read " faciem" T\here we read " nostrils."

SCutem : another reading has " costam," rib. 9 See Gen. ii. 21, 23, iii. 5, 19, iv, 10.

bodies the limbs too were mentioned. No element but what is a member of that element in which it is contained. But all elements are contained in the heaven and the earth.

Chapter XXXII THE ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION

IN GENESIS A GENERAL ONE. CORROBO- RATED, HOWEVER, BY MANY OTHER PASSAGES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, WHICH GIVE AC- COUNT OF SPECIFIC CREATIONS. FURTHER CAVILLINGS CONFUTED.

This is the answer I should give in defence of the Scripture before us, for seeming here to set forth '° the formation of the heaven and the earth, as if (they were) the sole bodies j?iade. It could not but know that there were those who would at once in the bodies under- stand their several members also, and there- fore it employed this concise mode of speech. But, at the same time, it foresaw that there would be stupid and crafty men, who, after paltering with the virtual meaning," would require for the several members a word de- scriptive of their formation too. It is there- fore because of such persons, that Scripture in other passages teaches us of the creation of the individual parts. You have Wisdom say- ing, " But before the depths was I brought forth,"" in order that you may believe that the depths were also "brought forth" — that is, created — just as we create sons also, though we " bring them forth." It matters not whether the depth was made or born, so that a beginning be accorded to it, which hmu- «w would not be, if it were subjoined '3 to matter. Of darkness, indeed, the Lord Him- self by Isaiah says, " I formed the light, and I created darkness.""* Of the wind's also Amos says, " He that strengtheneth the thun- der,'^ and createth the wind, and declareth His Christ'^ unto men;"'' thus showing that that wind was created which was reckoned with the formation of the earth, which was wafted over the waters, balancing and refresh- ing and animating all things: not (as some sup- pose) meaning God Himself by the spirit,'^ on the ground that " God is a Spirit," '' because the waters would not be able to bear up their Lord; but He speaks of that spirit of which the winds consist, as He says by Isaiah, " Because my spirit went forth from me, and I made every blast." ^ In like manner the

'° Quatenus hie commendare videtur. >i Dissimulate tacito intellectu. '^Prov. viii. 24. •3 Subjecta. ■4 Isa. xlv. 7.

15 De spiritu. This shows that TertiJllian took the spirit of Gen. i. 2 in the inferior sense.

16 So also the Septuagint.

17 Amos iv. 13. •8 The '; wind." •9 John iv. 24.

ao Flatum : " breath ;" so LXX. of Isa. Ivii. 16.

49t>

[chap. XXXIV.

same Wisdom says of the waters, " Also when He made the fountains strong, things which ' are under the sky, I was fashioning' them along with Him."^ Now, when we prove that these particular things were created by God, although they are only mentioned in Genesis, without any intimation of their hav- ing been made, we shall perhaps receive from the other side the reply, that these were made, it is true,* but out of Matter, since the very statement of Moses, " And darkness was on the face of the deep, and the spirit of God moved on the face of the waters," ^ refers to Matter, as indeed do all those other Scrip- tures here and there,* which demonstrate that the separate parts were made out of Matter. It must follow, then,' that as earth consisted of earth, so also depth consisted of depth, and darkness of darkness, and the wind and waters of wind and waters. And, as we said above,* Matter could not have been without form, since it had specific parts, which were formed out of it — although as separate things ^ — unless, indeed, they were not separate, but were the very same with those out of which they came. For it is really impossible that those specific things, which are set forth under the same names, should have been diverse; because in that case '° the operation of God might seem to be useless," if it made things which existed already; since that alone would be a crea- tion,'= when things came into being, which had not been (previously) made. Therefore, to conclude, either Moses then pointed to Matter when he wrote the words: " And dark- ness was on the face of the deep, and the spirit of God moved on the face of the waters;" or else, inasmuch as these specific parts of creation are afterwards shown in other passages to have been made by God, they ought to have been with equal explicit- ness '3 shown to have been made out of the Matter which, accordmg to you, Moses had previously mentioned ;'■* or else, firially, if Moses pointed to those specific parts, and not to Matter, I want to know where Matter has been pointed out at all.

' Pontes, quae. = Modulans.

3 Prov. viii. 28.

4 Plane.

5 Gen. i. 2.

* In disperse.

7 Ergo : Tertullian's answer. *Ch. XXX., towards the end. 9Ut et aliae. »o Jam. " Otiosa.

»2 Generatio : creation in the highest sense of matter issuing from the maker. Another reading has " generosiora essent," for our " generatio sola esset," meaning that " those things would be no- bler which had not b<^n made, which is obviously quite opposed lo Tertullian's argument. '3 ^^qiie. MPra:miserat.

Chapter XXXIII STATEMENT OF THE TRUE DOC

TRINE CONCERNING MATTER. ITS RELATION TO god's CREATION OF THE WORLD.

But although Hermogenes finds it amongst his own colourable pretences '^ (for it was not in his power to discover it in the Scriptures of God), it is enough for us, both that it is cer- tain that all things were made by God, and that there is no certainty whatever that they were made out of Matter. And even if Mat- ter had previously existed, we must have believed that it had been really made by God, since we maintained (no less) when we held the rule of faith to be,'* that nothing except God was uncreated.'' Up to this point there is room for controversy, until Matter is brought to the test of the Scriptures, and fails to make good its case.'* The conclusion of the whole is this: I find that there was nothinir made, except out of nothing; because that which I find was made, I know did not once exist. Whatever '5 was made out of some- thing, has its origin in something made: for instance, out of the ground was made the grass, and the fruit, and the cattle, and the form of man himself; so from the waters were produced the animals which swim and fly. The original fabrics^ out of which such creatures were produced I may call their materials y''^ but then even these were created by God.

Chapter XXXIV A PRESUMPTION THAT ALL

THINGS WERE CREATED BY GOD OUT OF NOTH- ING AFFORDED BY THE ULTIMATE REDUCTION OF ALL THINGS TO NOTHING. SCRIPTURES PROVING THIS REDUCTION VINDICATED FROM HERMOGENES' CHARGE OF BEING MERELY FIGURATIVE.

Besides, ^'^ the belief that everything was made from nothing will be impressed upon us by that ultimate dispensation of God which will bring back all things to nothing. For "the very heaven shall be rolled together as a scroll;" =^3 nay, it shall come to nothing along with the earth itself, with which it was made in the beginning. " Heaven and earth shall pass away,"='* says He. "The first heaven and the first earth passed away,""^ "and there was found no place for them," ^ because, of course, that which comes to an

'SColores. See our '" Anti-Marcion," p. 217, ^(//>., where the ■9i<ycA pretension should stand instead ol precedent.

16 Prsp-scribentes.

'7 Innatum : see above, note 12.

'8 Donee ad Scripturas provocata deficiat exhibitio materix.

'9 Etiamsi quid.

^Origines.

21 Materia.s. There is point in this use of the plural of the con troverted term materia.

"Ceterum.

23lsa. xxxiv. 4 ; Matt. xxiv. 29 ; 2 Pet. iii. lo; Rev. vi. 14.

24 Matt. xxiv. 35.

25 Rev. xxi. I. =6 Rev. XX. II.

Chapter XXXVI ]

497

end loses locality. In like manner David says, " The heavens, the works of Thine hands, shall themselves perish. For even as a vesture shall He change them, and they shall be changed."' Now to be changed is to fall from that primitive state which they lose whilst undergoing the change. "And the stars too shall fall from heaven, even as a fig-tree casteth her green figs* when she is shaken of a mighty wind."^ "The moun- tains shall melt like wax at the presence of the Lord;"* that is, "when He riseth to shake terribly the earth." s " But I will dry up the pools;"* and "they shall seek water, and they shall find none."'' Even "the sea shall be no more."* Now if any person should go so far as to suppose that all these passages ought to be spiritually interpreted, he will yet be unable to deprive them of the true accomplishment of those issues which must come to pass just as they have been written. For all figures of speech necessarily arise out of real things, not out of chimerical ones; because nothing is capable of imparting any- thing of its own for a similitude, except it actually be that very thing which it imparts in the similitude. I return therefore to the principle 9 which defines that all things which have come from nothing shall return at last to nothing. For God would not have made any perishable thing out of what was eternal, that is to say, out of Matter; neither out of greater things would He have created inferior ones, to whose character it would be more agreeable to produce greater things out of inferior ones, — in other words, what is eternal out of what is perishable. This is the promise He makes even to our flesh, and it has been His will to deposit within us this pledge of His own vir- tue and power, in order that we may believe that He has actually'" awakened the uni- verse out of nothing, as if it had been steeped in death," in the sense, of course, of its pre- vious non-existence for the purpose of its coming into existence.'*

Chapter XXXV CONTRADICTORY PROPOSITIONS

ADVANCED BY HERMOGENES RESPECTING MAT- TER AND ITS QUALITIES.

As regards all other points touching Matter,

' Ps. cii. 25, 26.

a Acerba sua " grosses suos " (Rigalt.).

So our marginal read-

ing.

3 Rev. vi._ 13. 4Ps. xcvii. 5. 5 Isa. ii. 19. * Isa. xlii. 15.

7 Isa. xli. 17.

8 Etiam mare hactenus, Rev. xxi. i.

9 Causam. 10 Etiam.

" Emortuara.

'=In hoc, ut esset. Contrasted with the " non erat " of the pre- vious sentence, this roust be the meaning, as if it were " ut (ieret."

32

although there is no necessity why we should treat of them (for our first pomt was the manifest proof of its existence), we must for all that pursue our discussion just as if it did exist, in order that its non-existence may be the more apparent, when these other points concerning it prove inconsistent with each other, and in order at the same time that Hermogenes may acknowledge his own contra- dictory positions. Matter, says he, at first sight seems to us to be incorporeal; but when examined by the ligJit of right reason, it is found to be neither corporeal nor incorporeal. What is this right reason of yours, '' which declares nothing right, that is, nothing certain ? For, if I mistake not, everything must of necessity be either corporeal or incorporeal (although I may for the moment '^ allow that there is a certain incorporeality in even sub- stantial things, '5 although their very sub- stance is the body of particular things); at all events, after the corporeal and the incorporeal there is no third state. But if it be contended '^ that there is a third state discovered by this right reason of Hermogenes, which makes Matter neither corporeal nor incorporeal, (I ask,) Where is it? what sort of thing is it? what is it called ? what is its description ? what is it understood to be ? This only has his reason declared, that Matter is neither corporeal nor incorporeal.

Chapter XXXVI OTHER ABSURD THEORIES RE

SPECTING MATTER AND ITS INCIDENTS EX- POSED IN AN IRONICAL STRAIN. MOTION IN MATTER. hermogenes' CONCEITS RESPECT- ING IT.

But see what a contradiction he next ad- vances ''' (or perhaps some other reason '* occurs to him), when he declares that Matter is partly corporeal and partly incorporeal. Then must Matter be considered (to embrace) both conditions, in order that it may not have either? For it will be corporeal, and incor- poreal in spite of'^ the declaration of that antithesis,*" which is plainly above giving any

13 Ista.

'4 Interim.

'5 De substantiis duntaxat.

16 Age nunc sit : " But grant that there is this third state."

«7 Subicit.

•8 Other than " the right reasott " above named.

'9 Adversus.

s'^The original, "Adversus renuntiationem reciprocationis illius," is an obscure expression. Oehler, who gives tfiis reading in his edition, after the editio f>rinceps^ renders the term " reciproca- tionis" by the phrase " negative conversion" of the proposition that Matter is corporeal and incorporeal (q. d. " Matter is neithel corporeal nor incorporeal"). Instead, however, of the reading "reciprocationis," Oehler would gladly read " rectse rationis," after most of the editions. He thinks that this allusion to " the right reason," of which Hermogenes boasted, and of which the ab- surd conclusion is exposed in the context, very well suits the sar- castic style of TertuUian. If this, the general reading, be adopted, we must render the whole clause thus : " For it will be corporeal and incorporeal, in spite of the declaration of that right reason (of Hermogenes), which is plainly enough above giving any reason," etc. etc.

498

[chap. XXXVII.

reason for its opinion, just as that "other reason" also was. Now, by the corporeal part of Matter, he means that of which bodies are created; but by the incorporeal part of Matter, he means its uncreated ' motion. If, says he. Matter were simply a body, there would appear to be in it nothing incorporeal, that is, (no) motion; if, on the other hand, it had been wholly incorporeal, no body could be formed out of it. What a peculiarly right ^ reason have we here ! Only if you make your sketches as right as you make your reason, Hermogenes, no painter would be more stupid ^ than yourself. For who is going to allow you to reckon motion as a moiety of Matter, seeing that it is not a substantial thing, because it is not corporeal, but an accident (if indeed it be even that) of a substance and a body? Just as action * is, and impulsion, just as a slip is, or a fall, so is motion. When anything moves even of itself, its motion is the result of impulse; ^ but cer- tainly it is no part of its substance in your sense,* when you make motion the incorpo- real part of matter. All things, indeed,' have motion — either of themselves as animals, or of others as inanimate things; but yet we should not say that either a man or a stone was both corporeal and incorporeal because they had both a body and motion: we should say rather that all things have one form of simple * corporeality, which is the essential quality « of substance. If any incorporeal incidents accrue to them, as actions, or pas- sions, or functions,'" or desires, we do not reckon these parts as of the things. How then does he contrive to assign an integral portion of Matter to motioti, which does not pertain to substance, but to a certain condition " of sub- stance ? Is not this incontrovertible ? '- Sup- pose you had taken it into your head '^ to represent matter as immoveable, would then the immobility seem to you to be a moiety of its form ? Certainly not. Neither, in like manner, could motion. But I shall be at lib- erty to speak of motion elsewhere.'''

Chapter XXXVII IRONICAL DILEMMAS RESPECT

ING MATTER, AND SUNDRY MORAL QUALITIES FANCIKULLV ATTRIBUTED TO IT.

I see now that you are coming back again to

' Inconciitum. See above ch. xviii., in the middle. Notwith- standing the absurdity of Hermogenes" idea, it is impossible to translate this word irregular, as it has been proposed to do by Genoude.

= Rectior.

1 Bardior.

4.^ctus : being driven.

5 Actus ejus est motus.

*Sicut tu.

7 Denique.

** Solius.

9 Res. •c Oflicia.

that reason, which has been in the habit of declaring to you nothing in the way of cer- tainty. For just as you introduce to our notice Matter as being neither corporeal nor incorporeal, so you allege of it that it is neither good nor evil; and you say, whilst arguing further on it in the same strain: " If it were good, seeing that it had ever been so, it would not require the arrangement of itself by God;'5 jf \i were naturally evil, it would not have admitted of a change '^ for the bet- ter, nor would God have ever applied to such a nature any attempt at arrangement of it, for His labour would have been in vain." Such are your words, which it would have been well if you had remembered in other passages also, so as to have avoided any contradiction of them. As, however, we have already treated to some extent of this ambiguity of good and evil touching Matter, I will now re- ply to the only proposition and argument of yours which we have before us. I shall not stop to repeat my opinion, that it was your bounden duty to have said for certain that Matter was either good or bad, or in some third condition; but (I must observe) that you have not here even kept to the statement which you chose to make before. Indeed, you re- tract what you declared — that Matter is neither good nor evil; because you imply that it is evil when you say, "If it were good, it would not require to be set in order by God;" so again, when you add, "If it were naturally evil, it would not admit of any change for the better," you seem to intimate '^ that it is good. And so you attribute to it a close relation '^ to good and evil, although you declared it neither good nor evil. With a view, however, to re- fute the argument whereby you thought you were going to clinch your proposition, I here contend: If Matter had always been good, why should it not have still wanted a change for the better ? Does that which is good never desire, never wish, never feel able to advance, so as to change its good for a better ? And in like manner, if Matter had been by nature evil, why might it not have been changed by God as the more powerful Being, as able to convert the nature of stones into children of Abraham ? '' Surely by such means you not only compare the Lord with Matter, but you even put Him below ^ it, since you afifirm that^' the nature of Matter could not

" Habitum.

12 Quid enini ?

'3 Si placuisset tibi,

'4 See below, ch. xB., p. 500.

'5 Compositionem Dei.

•* Non accepisset translationera.

'7 Subostendis.

'** Affinem.

'9 Matt. iii. 9.

20 Subicis.

21 This is the force of the subjunctive verbk

Chapter XL ]

AGAINST HERMOGEiNES.

499

possibly be brought under control by Him, and trained to something better. But al- though you are here disinclined to allow that Matter is by nature evil, yet in another pas- sage you will deny having made such an admission.'

Chapter XXXVIII OTHER SPECULATIONS OF HER

MOGENES, ABOUT MATTER AND SOME OF ITS ADJUNCTS, SHOWN TO BE ABSURD. FOR IN- STANCE, ITS ALLEGED INFINITY.

My observations touching the site'' of Mat- ter, as also concerning its mode,^ have one and the same object in view — to meet and re- fute your perverse positions. You put Matter below God, and thus, of course, you assign a place to it below God. Therefore Matter is local. ■♦ Now, if it is local, it is within locality; if within locality, it is bounded ^ by the place within which it is; if it is bounded, it has an outline,* which (painter as you are in your special vocation) you know is the boundary to every object susceptible of outline. Matter, therefore, cannot be infinite, which, since it is in space, is bounded by space; and being thus determinable by space, it is susceptible of an outline. You, however, make it infinite, when you say: " It is on this account infinite, because it is always existent." And if any of your disciples should choose to meet us by declaring your meaning to be that Matter is infinite in time, not in its corporeal mass,^ still what follows will show that (you mean) corporeal infinity to be an attribute of Matter, that It is in respect of bulk immense and un- circumscribed. " Wherefore," say you, " it is not fabricated as a whole, but /« its parts." ^ In bulk, therefore, is it infinite, not in time. And you contradict yourself' when you make Matter infinite in bulk, and at the same time ascribe place to it, including it within space and local outline. But yet at the same time I cannot tell why God should not have entirely formed it," unless it be because He was either impotent or envious. I want therefore to know the moiety of that which was not wholly formed (by God), in order that I may under- stand what kind of thing the entirety was. It was only right that God should have made it

» Te confessum.

= De situ.

sOehler here restores the reading" quod et de niodo,'" instead of " de motu" for which Pamehus contends. Oehler has the MSS. on his side, and Fr. Junius, who interprets " tuodo" here to mean " mass or quantity." Pamelius wishes to suit the passage to tile preceding context (see ch. xxxvi.) ; Junius thinks it is meant rather to refer to what follows, by which it is confirmed.

4 In loco.

5 Determinatur. *Lineam extremam.

7 Modo corporis : or " bulk."

8 Nee tota fabricatur, sed partes ejus. This perhaps means : " It is not its entirety, but its parts, which are used in creation."

9 Obduceris : here a verb of the middle voice.

'o In reference to the opinion above mentioned, " Matter is not fabricated as a whole, but in parts."

known as a model of antiquity," to set off the glory of His work.

Chapter XXXIX THESE LATTER SPECULATIONS

SHOWN TO BE CONTRADICTORY TO THE FIRST PRINCIPLES RESPECTING MATTER, FORMERLY LAID DOWN BY HERMOGENES.

Well, now, since it seems to you to be the correcter thing," let Matter be circumscribed '^ by means of changes and displacements; let it also be capable of comprehension, since (as you say) it is used as material by God,'* on the ground of its being convertible, mutable, and separable. For its changes, you say, show it to be inseparable. And here you have swerved from your own lines '^ which you pre- scribed respecting the person of God when you laid down the rule that God made it not out of His own self, because it was not possible for Him to become divided '* seeing that He is eternal and abiding for ever, and therefore un- changeable and indivisible. Since Matter too is estimated by the same eternity, having neither beginning nor end, it will be unsusceptible of di- vision, of change, for the same reason that God also is. Since it is associated with Him in the joint possession of eternity, it must needs share with Him also the powers, the laws, and the conditions of eternity. In like manner, when you say, "All things simultaneously through- out the universe '^ possess portions of it,'* that so the whole may be ascertained from '» its parts," you of course mean to indicate those parts which were produced out of it, and which are now visible to us. How then is this possession (of Matter) by all things throughout the universe effected — that is, of course, from the very beginning ^ — when the things which are now visible to us are differ- ent in their condition -' from what they were in the beginning ?

Chapter XL SHAPELESS MATTER AN INCONGRUOUS

ORIGIN FOR god's BEAUTIFUL COSMOS. HER- MOGENES DOES NOT MEND HIS ARGUMENT BY SUPPOSING THAT ONLY A PORTION OF MATTER WAS USED IN THE CREATION.

You say that Matter was reformed for the better''^ — from a worse condition, of course; and tims you would make the better a copy of

"Ut exemplarium antiquitatis. •2 Rectius. »3 Definitiva.

M Ut quae fabricatur, inquis, a Deo. , , •

■5 Lineis. TertuUian often refers to Hermogcnes profession ot painting. '6 In partes venire. •7 Omnia ex omnibus. i8 i. e. of Matter. ■9 Dinoscatur ex. 2o Utique ex pristinis. 2' Aliter habeant. 22 In melius reformatam.

500

AGAlxNST HERMOGENES.

[chap. \L11.

the worse. Everything was in confusion, but now it is reduced to order; and would you also say, that out of order, disorder is pro- duced ? No one thing is the exact mirror ' of another thing; that is to say, it is not its co-equal. Nobody ever found himself in a barber's looking-glass look like an ass"" instead of a man; unless it be he who supposes that unformed and shapeless Matter answers to Matter which is now arranged and beautified in the fabric of the world. What is there now that is without form in the world, what was there once that was formed ^ in Matter, that the world is the mirror of Matter ? Since the world is known among the Greeks by a term denoting ornafuent,* how can it present the image of unadorned ^ Matter, in such a way that you can say the whole is known by its parts ? To that whole will certainly belong even the portion which has not yet become formed; and you have already declared that the whole of Matter was not used as material in the creation.^ It follows, then, that this rude, and confused, and unarranged portion cannot be recognized in the polished, and dis- tinct and well-arranged parts of creation, which indeed can hardly with propriety be called parts of Matter, since they have quit- ted Mts condition, by being separated from it in the transformation they have undergone.

Chapter XLI SUNDRY QUOTATIONS FROM HER

MOGENES. HOW UNCERTAIN AND VAGUE ARE HIS SPECULATIONS RESPECTING MOTION IN MATTER, AND THE MATERIAL QUALITIES OF GOOD AND EVIL.

I come back to the point of motioti^ that I may show how slippery you are at every step. Motion in Matter was disordered, and con- fused, and turbulent. This is why you apply to it the comparison of a boiler of hot water surging over. Now how is it, that in another passage another sort of motion is affirmed by you ? For when you want to represent Matter as neither good nor evil, you say: " Matter, which is the substratum (of creation) ^ pos- sessing as it does motion in an equable impulse,'" tends in no very great degree either to good or to evil." Now if it had this equable impulse, it could not be turbulent, nor be like the boiling water of the caldron; it would rather be even and regular, oscillating

• Speculum.

^Mulus.

3Speciatum : txhoittnifiiv , "arranged in specific forms."

4 K6(r^o9,

5 Inornatx : unfurnished with forms of beauty. *Non totara earn fabricatam.

7 Recesserunt a forma ejus.

8 From which he has digressed since ch. xxxvi., p. 497.

9 Subjacens materia.

»<> jCqualis momenti motum.

indeed of its own accord between good and evil, but yet not prone or tending to either side. It would swing, as the phrase is, in a just and exact balance. Now this is not un- rest; this is not turbulence or inconstancy; " but rather the regularity, and evenness, and exactitude of a motion, inclining to neither side. If it oscillated this way and that way, and inclined rather to one particular side, it would plainly in that case merit the reproach of unevenness, and inequality, and turbulence. Moreover, although the motion of Matter was not prone either to good or to evil, it would still, of course, oscillate between good and evil; so that from this circumstance too it is obvious that Matter is contained within certain limits," because its motion, while prone to neither good nor evil, since it had no natural bent either way, oscillated from either between both, and therefore was con- tained within the limits of the two. But you, in fact, place both good and evil in a local habitation, '3 when you assert that motion in Matter inclined to neither of them. For Matter which was local,'" when inclining neither hither nor thither, inclined not to the places in which good and evil were. But when you assign locality to good and evil, you make them corporeal by making them local, since those things which have local space must needs first have bodily substance. In fact, '5 incorporeal things could not have any locality of their own except in a body, when they have access to a body.'* But when Mat- ter inclined not to good and evil, it was as corporeal or local essences that it did not incline to them. You err, therefore, when you will have it that good and evil are substances. For you make substances of the things to which you assign locality ;'' but you assign locality when you keep motion in Mat- ter poised equally distant from both sides.'*

Chapter XLII FURTHER EXPOSURE OF INCON

SISTENCIES IN THE OPINIONS OF HERMOGENES RESPECTING THE DIVINE QUALITIES OF MAT- TER.

You have thrown out all your views loosely and at random, '^ in order that it might not be apparent, by too close a proximity, how con- trary they are to one another. I, however, mean to gather them together and compare them. You allege that motion in Matter is

" Passivitas. '2 Determinabilem. ■3 In loco facis : " you localise." M In loco. •5 Denique.

'6 Cum corpori accedunt : or, " when they are added to a body." '7 Loca : " places ; " one to each.

■'^Cum ab utraque regione suspendis : equally far from good and evil.

'9 Dispersisti omnia.

Chapter XLIV ]

501

without regularity,' aud you go on to say that Matter aims at a shapeless condition, and then, in another passage, that it desires to be set in order by God. Does that, then, which affects to be without form, want to be put into shape ? Or does that which wants to be put into shape, affect to be without form? You are unwillHng that God should seem to be equal to Matter; and then again you say that it has a common condition ^ with God. " For it is impossible," you say, " if it has nothing in common with God, that it can be set in order by Him." But if it had anything in common with God, it did not want to be set in order, 3 being, forsooth, a part of the Deity through a community of condition; or else even God was susceptible of being set in orders by Matter, by His having Himself something in common with it. And now you herein subject God to necessity, since there was in Matter something on account of which He gave it form. You make it, however, a common attribute of both of them, that they set themselves in motion by themselves, and that they are ever in motion. What less do you ascribe to Matter than to God ? There will be found all through a fellowship of div- inity in this freedom and perpetuity of motion. Only in God motion is regular,* in Matter irregular. 5 In both, however, there is equally the attribute of Deity — both alike having free and eternal motion. At the same time, you assign more to Matter, to which belonged the privilege of thus moving itself in a way not allowed to God.

Chapter XLIII OTHER DISCREPANCIES EXPOSED

AND REFUTED RESPECTING THE EVIL IN MAT- TER BEING CHANGED TO GOOD.

On the subject of motion I would make this further remark. Following the simile of the boiling caldron, you say that motion in Matter, before it was regulated, was con- fused,' restless, incomprehensible by reason of excess in the commotion.' Then again you go on to say, " But it waited for the regulation* of God, and kept its irregular motion incomprehensible, owing to the tardi- ness of its irregular motion." Just before you ascribe commotion, iiere tardiness, to motion. Now observe how many slips you make respecting the nature of Matter. In a former passage' you say, "If Matter were

• Inconditum.

2" Communionem."

3 Ornari : " to be adorned."

4 Composite.

5 Incondite. •* Concretus. 7 Certaminis.

3 Compositionem : "arrangement." 9 See above, ch. xxxvii. p. 498.

naturally evil, it would not have admitted of a change for the better; nor would God have ever applied to it any attempt at arrangement, for His labour would have been in vain." You therefore concluded your two opinions, that Matter was not by nature evil, and that its nature was incapable of being changed by God; and then, forgetting them, you after- wards drew this inference: " But when it re- ceived adjustment from God, and was reduced to order, '° it relinquished its nature." Now, inasmuch as it was transformed to good, it was of course transformed from evil; and if by God's setting it in order it relinquished " the nature of evil, it follows that its nature came to an end;" now its nature was evil before the adjustment, but after the transformation it might have relinquished that nature.

Chapter XLIV CURIOUS VIEWS RESPECTING

god's method of WORKING WITH MATTER EXPOSED. DISCREPANCIES IN THt HERETIC'S OPINION ABOUT GOD'S LOCAL RELATION TO MATTER.

But it remains that I should show also how you make God work. You are plainly enough at variance with the philosophers; but neither are you in accord with the prophets. The Stoics maintain that God pervaded Matter, just as honey the honeycomb. You, how- ever, affirm that it is not by pervading Matter that God makes the world, but simply by ap- pearing, and approaching it, just as beauty affects '3 a thing by simply appearing, and a loadstone by approaching it. Now what simi- larity is there in God forming the world, and beauty wounding a soul, or a magnet attract- ing iron ? For even if God appeared to Mat- ter, He yet did not wound it, as beauty does the soul; if, again. He approached it, He yet did not cohere to it, as the magnet does to the iron. Suppose, however, that your ex- amples are suitable ones. Then, of course,'* it was by appearing and approaching to Mat- ter that God made the world, and He made it when He appeared and when He approached to it. Therefore, since He had not made it before then,'^ He had neither appeared nor approached to it. Now, by whom can it be be- lieved that God had not appeared to Matter — of the same nature as it even was owing to its eternity ? Or that He had been at a dis- tance from it — even He whom we believe to be existent everywhere, and everywhere ap- parent; whose praises all things chant, even inanimate things and things incorporeal, ac-

•oOrnata.

" Cessavit a.

'- Cessavit.

■3 Facit quid decor.

uCerte.

15 Retro.

502

[chap. xlv.

cording to (the prophet) Daniel ? ' How im- mense the place, where God kept Himself so far aloof from Matter as to have neither ap- peared nor approached to it before the crea- tion of the world ! I suppose He journeyed to it from a long distance, as soon as He wished to appear and approach to it.

Chapter XLV CONCLUSION. CONTRAST BE

TWEEN THE STATEMENTS OF HERMOGENES AND THE TESTIMONY OF HOLY SCRIPTURE RE- SPECTING THE CREATION. CREATION OUT OF NOTHING, NOT OUT OF MATTER.

But it is not thus that the prophets and the apostles have told us that the world was made by God merely appearing and approaching Matter. They did not even mention any Matter, but (said) that Wisdom was first set up, the beginning of His ways, for His works. ^ Then that the Word was produced, " through whom all things were made, and without whom nothing was made,"^ Indeed, "by the Word of the Lord were the heavens made, and all their hosts by the breath of His mouth."* He is the Lord's right hand,^ indeed His two hands, by which He worked and constructed the univei'se. " For," says He, "the heavens are the works of Thine hands," ^ wherewith " He hath meted out the heaven, and the earth with a span."^ Do not be willing so to cover God with flattery, as to contend that He produced by His mere appearance and simple approach so many vast substances, instead of rather forming them by His own energies. For this is proved by Jeremiah when he says, " God hath made the earth by His power. He hath established the world by His wisdom, and hath stretched out the heaven by His understanding."^ These are the energies by the stress of which He made this universe.^ His glory is greater if He laboured. At length on the seventh day He rested from His works. Both one and the other were after His manner. If, on the contrary, '° He made this world simply by ap-

' Dan. iii. 21.

2 Prov. viii. 22, 23.

3 John i. 3.

^Spiritu Ipsius: "by His Spirit." See Ps. xjcxiii. 6. 5 Isa. xlviii. 13. *Ps. cii. 25.

7 Isa. xl. 12 and xlviii. 13.

8 Jer. li. 15.

9 Ps. Ixiv. 7, loAutsi.

pearing and approaching it, did He, on the completion of His work, cease to appear and approach it any more. Nay rather," God began to appear more conspicuously and to be everywhere accessible "^ from the time when the world was made. You see, there- fore, how all things consist by the operation of that God who "made the earth by His power, who established the world by His wis- dom, and stretched out the heaven by His understanding;" not appearing merely, nor approaching, but applying the almighty efforts of His mind. His wisdom, His power, His understanding. His word, His Spirit, His might. Now these things were not necessary to Him, if He had been perfect by simply ap- pearing and approaching. They are, how- ever, His "invisible things," which, accord- ing to the apostle, " are from the creation of the world clearly seen by the things that are made; '3 they are no parts oi a nondescript'* Matter, but they are the sensible '= evidences of Himself. " For who hath known the mind of the Lord,"'* of which (the apostle) ex- claims: "O the depth of the riches both of His wisdom and knowledge ! how unsearcha- ble are His judgments, and His ways past finding out ! " '^ Now what clearer truth do these words indicate, than that all things were made out of nothing ? They are incapable of being found out or investigated, except by God alone. Otherwise, if they were traceable or discoverable in Matter, they would be capable of investigation. Therefore, in as far as it has become evident that Matter had no prior existence (even from this circum- stance, that it is impossible '^ for it to have had such an existence as is assigned to it), in so far is it proved that all things were made by God out of nothing. It must be admitted, however,'' that Hermogenes, by describing for Matter a condition like his own — irregular, confused, turbulent, of a doubtful and pre- cipate and fervid impulse — has displayed a specimen of his own art, and painted his own portrait.

" Atcjuin

>* Ubique conveniri.

«3 Rom. i. 20.

'4 Nescio qux.

15 Sensualia.

'6 Rom. xi. 34,

irVer. 33.

»8 Nec compeut,

'9 Nisi quod.

IV.