Ecclesiastes 9

FOr Or, Therefore, as the Seventy Interpreters render it. all this All that I have said concerning the Methods of Divine Providence towards good and bad men. I considered in my heart, even to declare all this e, that the righteous, and the wi... e Whom he mentions not exclusively, as if wicked men were not in God's hand, for the next clause relates both to good and bad men, but eminently, because by the course of God's Providence towards them, they might seem to be quite neglected and forsaken by God,, and their works Either efficiently, all their actions and employments; or objectively, all things done to them, all events which befal them. are in the hand of God Are subject to his power and governed by his Providence, as this Phrase is used, Prov. 21. 1. Io.... 3. 35. compared with Mat. 28. 18. And therefore although we cannot fully understand the reasons of all God's works, as he now said, Ch. 8. 17. yet because they are done by his unerring hand, we may be assured that they are done both righteously and justly, and that no Man has cause to murmur at the Prosperity of the wicked, or at the calamities of good men.: no man knoweth either love, or hatred, by all that is before them No Man can judge by their present and outward conditions or dispensations of God's Providence, whether God loves or hates them, for whom he loves he chastens and permitteth those whom he hates to prosper in the World. And this Translation and Interpretation agreeth well with the following Verse. But I must confess it differs from almost all other both ancient and modern Translations. And these words with the foregoing clause are translated otherwise, and that word for word according to the Hebrew, The righteous, and the wise, and their works are in the hand of God, also love and hatred: (understand out of the foregoing clause. are in God's hand. And this may be meant, either 1. of God's love and hatred which he disposeth when, and to whom, and in what manner he pleaseth. Or 2. of mens love and hatred also their love and their hatred, the Pronoun their being repeated out of the former clause as is frequent in Scripture. And so the sense is, That not only mens works, as he now said, but even their inward passions or affections, which seem to be most in their own power, are as much in God's disposal as their outward actions. Then follows the last clause in the same order in which the words lie in the Hebrew Text.) No Man knoweth all, or, any thing which is before him. Which I thus understand, Whereas all men and all their affections, and actions, and the events of them are perfectly known to God and disposed by him, men know nothing, no not such things as are most plain and easie and familiar to them, and can neither foresee the plainest things, nor dispose of the smallest things as they please but all things are wholly order ed and over-ruled by God's Providence, not as men imagine or desire, but as he sees fit.. c To make this evident first to my self and then others, as occasion required.

All things come alike to all The good and evil things of this World do equally, happen to good and bad men.: there is one eve... t to the righteous and the wicked; to the good and the clean Either 1. morally clean, or holy men: Or, 2. legally, who made Conscience of keeping himself pure from all legal defilements, according to the Law then in force, and consequently from all other sins upon the same ground.; and to the unclean; to him that sacrificeth That worshippeth God sincerely, though it be to his cost., and to him that sacrificeth not; as is the good so is the sinner As to all outward things, to wit, customarily and unnecessarily, rashly, without due consideration and reverence, or falsly and wickedly. For otherwise that some swearing was then allowed, and in some cases required, none do or can deny., and he that sweareth m as he that feareth an oath Who is afraid of offending God, or abusing his Name by vain, or rash, or false Oaths.

This is an evil A great trouble and temptation to a considerate and good Man. among all things that are done under the sun, that there is one event unto all: yea, also the heart of the sons of men Of wicked men, such as the generality of Mankind are. is full of evil Either 1. of grief, upon this occasion. Or rather 2. of wickedness, as appears from the next clause, and by comparing this place with Eccles. 8. 11., and madness is in their heart Upon this account they go on madly and desperately in evil courses without any fear of an after-reckoning. while they live, and after that they go to the dead After all their mad and wicked pranks in the whole course of their life, they die in the same manner as the best men do. So hitherto there is no difference. For Solomon here forbears the consideration of the future life. Only he seems to intimate that as the madness, so the happiness of the wicked is ended by Death, which is more fully expressed in the following words..

For to him that is joyned to all the living That continueth in the Land and Society of Living men. Or, according to the reading of the Hebrew Text That is chosen or allotted to Life, whom God has appointed yet to live in the World, when he has appointed that many others shall die, or who are written among the Living, as the Phrase is, Isa. 4. 3. which is borrowed from the custom of Cities, where men are first chosen, and then inrolled Citizens., there is hope He has not only some comfort for the present, but also hopes of further and greater happiness in this World, which men are very prone to entertain and cherish in themselves. Yea, they may have the hopes of a better life, if they improve their opportunities. But he seems to confine himself here to the present life.: for a living dog is better i. e. Much happier, as to the comforts and priviledges of this World, though in other respects Death be better than Life, as was said, Eccles. 7. 1. than a dead lion.

For the living know that they shall die Whereby they are taught to improve Life, whilest they have it, to their greatest comfort and advantage.: but the dead know not any thing To wit, of the actions and events in this World, as this is limited in the end of the next Verse. Compare Io... 14. 21. Isa. 63. 16., neither have they any more a reward The reward or fruit of their labours in this World, which is utterly lost as to them, and enjoyed by others. See Eccles. 2. 21. For otherwise, that there are future rewards after death, is asserted by Solomon elsewhere, as we have seen and shall hereafter see., for the memory of them is forgotten To wit, amongst living men, and even in those places where they had lived in great power and glory; as was noted, Ch. 8. 10..

Also their love, and their hatred, and their envy is now perished They neither love, nor hate, nor envy any Person, or thing in this World, but are now altogether unconcerned in all things done under the Sun.; neither have they any more a portion for ever in any thing that is done under the sun In any worldly thing. By which limitation he sufficiently insinuates his belief of their portion in the other World..

Go thy way Make this use of what I have said., eat thy Thine own, the fruit of thy own labours, not what thou takest unjustly from others. bread Necessary and convenient food. By which he excludes excess. with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart Chearfully and thankfully enjoy thy comforts, avoiding all distracting care and grief for the occurrences of this World.: for God now accepteth thy works Is gracious to thee, has blessed thy labours with success, and alloweth thee a comfortable enjoyment of his blessings..

Let thy garments be always In all convenient times and circumstances; for there are times of mourning, Eccles. 3. 4. & 7. 2. Compare Prov. 5. 19. white Decent, and splendid, as far as is suitable to thy condition. The Eastern People of the best sort used white Garments, especially in times of rejoycing, as Esth 8. 15. Compare Revel. 3 4, 5. & 6. 11. But by this whiteness of Garments he understands a pleasant, and chearful conversation.; and let thy head lack no ointment Which upon joyful occasions was poured upon men Heads, Amos. 6. 6. Luk. 7. 46. Ioh. 12. 3..

Live joyfully with the wise whom thou lovest So he limits him to lawful delights. Whereby it is evident that Solomon does not speak this in the Person of an Epicure, as some understand it., all the days of the life of thy vanity Of this vain and frail life. Which expression he industriously useth to moderate mens affections even towards lawful pleasures and to mind them of their duty and interest in making sure of a better life, and more solid comforts., which he has given thee under the sun, all the days of thy vanity: for that is thy portion Allowed to thee by God, and the best part of worldly enjoyments. in this life By which addition he is again admonishing him of seeking another portion in the future life., and in thy labour which thou takest under the sun.

Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do What thou hast opportunity and ability to do in the duties of thy calling, and in order to thy comfort and benefit., do it with all thy might With unwearied diligence, and vigour, and expedition. Whereby he again discovers that he does not persuademen to an idle and sensual life, but only to a sober enjoyment of his comforts in God's fear and with an industrious prosecution of his vocation.; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom in the grave Thou canst neither design nor act any thing there tending to thy own comfort or advantage. Therefore slip not thine only season. whither thou goest.

I returned and saw This may have some respect to the foregoing Verse. For having pressed men to labour with all their might, he now adds by way of caution, that yet they must not be confident of their own strength, as if they were sure of success by it, but in all, and above all to look up to God for his blessing without which all their endeavours will be vain. But it seems chiefly to be added, either 1. as another instance of the liberty and power of God's Providence in the disposal of humane affairs, of which he spake above, v. 1, 2, 3. Or 2. as another of the vanities of this present life. under the sun, that the race Either ability to run, or success and victory in running. is not to the swift, nor the battle The victory in Battle. to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding Who yet are most likely both to get and to keep riches., nor yet favour Good acceptance and love from men. to men of skill Who know how to manage themselves and all affairs, whereby they are necessary and serviceable to others, and therefore most likely to find favour in their eyes., but time and chance happeneth to them all There are some times or seasons, unknown and casual to men, but certain and determined by God, in which alone he will give men success..

For man also knoweth not his time To wit, the time of his death, or of some other sore distress which God is bringing upon him. Which is opposed to the time of success mentioned in the foregoing Verse, and man is said to be ignorant both of the one and of the other.; as the fishes that are taken in an evil net That whilst they are sporting and feeding themselves are suddenly and unexpectedly ensnared to their ruine., and as the birds that are caught in the snare; so are the sons of men snared in an evil time, when it falleth suddenly upon them When they are most careless and secure..

This wisdom have I seen I have observed this among many other instances and effects of Wisdom. Which he seems to add for the commendation of Wisdom, notwithstanding its insufficiency for Man's safety and happiness without God's blessing. also under the sun, and it seemed great unto me I judged it very praise-worthy, though others despised it, as it follows..

There was a little city It matters not whether this was a real History, or only a parable to represent the common practices of men in such cases., and few men within it; and there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great bulwarks against it:

Now there was found in it a poor wise man, and he by his wisdom delivered the city; yet no man remembred that same poor man He was soon neglected and his great service so far from being recompenced according to its merit, that both it and he were quite forgotten. Which may be noted as another great vanity..

Then said I wisdom is better than strength As was manifest in the foregoing instance.: nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised Because men are generally vain and foolish, and have a greater value for outward Ornaments than for true worth., and his words are not heard.

The words of wise men Though poor, as may be gathered both from the foregoing relation, and because he is opposed to the ruling fool in the next clause. are heard To wit, by wise men: or should be heard, as such words are oft taken, as Mal. 1. 6. and elsewhere. For that they were not always actually heard he declared in the last words of the foregoing Verse. in quiet, more than the cry The clamorous and sensles discourses. of him that ruleth among fools Of a rich and potent, but foolish Man, who has some influence upon fools, like himself, but is justly neglected and his words disregarded by wise men.. o Uttered with a modest and low voice, to which the following cry is opposed.

Wisdom is better than weapons of war Than armed power.: but one sinner A wicked fool. By which expression and opposition of a Sinner to a wise Man he gives us a Key to understand his meaning in divers places of his Books, that by Wisdom he means true Piety, and by folly, wickedness: and withal shows that sin as it is the greatest folly, so it is more pernicious to men than mere... olly properly so called. destroyeth much good By his wicked counsels and courses brings much damage and mischief both to himself and others..